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We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the contributors
to our current online version. The subject(s) that they are responsible
for are listed after their affiliations.
Bola Adamolekun, MD
Director of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Seizure Disorders
Neil B. Alexander, MD
Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric
Medicine, University of Michigan; Associate Professor for Research; Director, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Geriatrics Research
Education and Clinical Center
Falls
Timothy Aliff, MD
Clinical Assistant, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer
Roy D. Altman, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University
of California, Los Angeles
Paget's Disease of Bone; Joint Disorders
Mary Ann Anderson, PhD, RN
Associate Professor, University of Chicago, College of Nursing, Quad Cities
Regional Program
Provision of Care
Gerald L. Andriole, MD
Professor and Chief of Urologic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School
of Medicine
Prostate Disorders
Parswa Ansari, MD
Assistant Program Director, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York
Anal and Rectal Disorders; Gastrointestinal Emergencies
Brian R. Apatoff, MD, PhD
Director of Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research
Center, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College
of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
Noel A. Armenakas, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College; Attending Physician, Lenox Hill Hospital and New York Presbyterian Hospital
Injury to the Urinary Tract
J. Malcolm O. Arnold, MD, FRCP, FRCPC, FACC, FACP
Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario; Cardiologist, London Health Sciences Center, Ontario
Heart Failure; Cardiomyopathy
George L. Bakris, MD
Professor of Medicine and Director, Hypertension Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
University of Chicago-Pritzker School of Medicine
High Blood Pressure; Low Blood Pressure
Robert Barish, MD, MBA
Professor of Emergency Medicine and Medicine and Vice
Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Bites and Stings
John G. Bartlett, MD
Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Pneumonia; Abscess in the Lungs
Rosemary Basson, MD
Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia
and Vancouver Hospital
Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Mark H. Beers, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Drexel University
The Human Body
Joshua O. Benditt, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University
of Washington School of Medicine; Director of Respiratory Care Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center
Atelectasis; Bronchiectasis
James R. Berenson, MD
Medical and Scientific Director, Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood
Plasma Cell Disorders
Richard W. Besdine, MD
Professor of Medicine, Greer Professor of Geriatric Medicine,
and Director, Division of Geriatrics (Medicine) and of Center for Gerontology
and Health Care Research, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
The Aging Body
Adil E. Bharucha, MD, MBBS
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic
College of Medicine
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Albert W. Biglan, MD
Adjunct Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
Eye Disorders in Children
Joseph J. Biundo, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tulane Medical Center
Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders
Sean C. Blackwell, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology,
and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
Pregnancy Complicated by Disease
Russell Blair, MD
Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Asthma
Ann S. Botash, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
Child Neglect and Abuse
Alfred A. Bove, MD, PhD
Chief of Cardiology, Cardiology Section, Temple University School of Medicine
Diving and Compressed Air Injuries
Marjorie A. Bowman, MD, MPA
Professor and Founding Chair of Family Practice and Community
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Making the Most of Health Care
Thomas G. Boyce, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Consultant in Pediatric
Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Gastroenteritis
Joseph D. Brain, ScD
Drinker Professor of Environmental Physiology and Chair
of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
Biology of the Lungs and Airways
Peter C. Brazy, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison
Tubular and Cystic Kidney Disorders
Jeremy S. Breit, MD
Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Asthma
Christian M. Briery, MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division
of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga Unit
Pregnancy at High Risk
George R. Brown, MD, FAPA
Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, East Tennessee State University; Chief of Psychiatry, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center
Sexuality
Haywood L. Brown, MD
Roy T. Parker Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University
Medical Center
Normal Pregnancy; Normal Labor and Delivery
Rebecca H. Buckley, MD
J. Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics and Professor
of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Jerrold T. Bushberg, PhD, DABMP
Clinical Professor of Radiology, Clinical Professor of
Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine
Radiation Injury
Juan R. Bustillo, MD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico
Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder
David B. Carr, MD
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine–Older Adult
Health Center
Driving
Mary T. Caserta, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong
Viral Infections
Bartolome R. Celli, MD
Professor of Medicine, Tufts University; Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Study, St. Elizabeth's
Medical Center, Boston
Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders
Bruce A. Chabner, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Overview of Cancer; Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Ian M. Chapman, MBBS, PhD
Associate Professor in Endocrinology, University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Royal
Adelaide Hospital, Australia
Pituitary Gland Disorders
William J. Cochran, MD
Vice Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville
Digestive Disorders
Alan S. Cohen, MD
Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Conrad
Wessolhoeft Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Editor-in-Chief of Amyloid, The Journal of Protein Folding Disorders
Amyloidosis
Philip L. Cohen, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Chief of Rheumatology Section, Philadelphia VA Medical Center
Autoimmune Disorders
Robert B. Cohen, DMD
Clinical Associate Professor and Practice Coordinator, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Lip and Tongue Disorders; Salivary Gland Disorders; Mouth
Sores; Growths in the Mouth
Sidney Cohen, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson
University Hospital
Hiatus Hernia, Bezoars, and Foreign Bodies; Biology of
the Liver and Gallbladder; Manifestations of Liver Disease; Hepatitis
Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD
Director, Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Eye Disorders; Injuries to
the Eye; Cataract
Daniel W. Collison, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School
Sweating Disorders; Pressure Sores; Noncancerous Skin
Growths
Eve R. Colson, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine; Director of Well Newborn Nursery, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital
Preschool and School-Aged Children
Mary Ann Cooper, MD
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois
at Chicago
Electrical and Lightning Injuries
Bryan D. Cowan, MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Fibroids
Jill P. Crandall, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Hypoglycemia
Emmet T. Cunningham, Jr., MD, PhD, MPH
Professor of Ophthalmology, Stanford University; Director, The Uveitis Service, California Pacific Medical Center and Clinic
Uveitis
Ralph E. Cutler, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Consultant in Nephrology, Loma Linda VA Medical Center
Biology of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract; Symptoms and
Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders; Nephritis
Patricia A. Daly, MD
Visiting Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia; Clinical Endocrinologist, Front Royal Internal Medicine, VA
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Norman L. Dean, MD
Fellow (Emeritus), American College of Chest Physicians; Lifetime Fellow, American College of Physicians
Drowning
Peter J. Delves, PhD
Reader in Immunology, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Division
of Infection and Immunity, University College, London
Biology of the Immune System; Allergic Reactions
Ara DerMarderosian, PhD
Professor of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Chemistry, Roth
Chair of Natural Products, and Scientific Director of Complementary
and Alternative Medicine Institute, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Medicinal Herbs and Nutraceuticals
Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine; Director of Cornea/External Disease and Director of Refractive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Eye Center; Medical Director, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Laser Center; Director and Founder, Center for Integrative Eye Care, University of Pittsburgh
Refractive Disorders
A. Damian Dhar, MD, JD
Private Practice, Atlanta Dermatology, Vein and Research Center
Bacterial Skin Infections; Fungal Skin Infections
Michael C. DiMarino, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department
of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University
Esophageal Disorders; Diverticular Disease
James G.H. Dinulos, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics (Dermatology), Dartmouth-Hitchcock Clinic
Parasitic Skin Infections; Viral Skin Infections
Caroline Carney Doebbeling, MD, MSC
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research Scientist, Regenstrief Institute
Overview of Mental Health Care
Karl Doghramji, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Medical
Director, Jefferson Sleep Disorders Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Sleep Disorders
George E. Downs, PharmD
Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Dean, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the
Sciences in Philadelphia
Drug Names: Generic and Trade
Jeffrey S. Dungan, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Detection of Genetic Disorders
David Eidelberg, MD
Susan and Leonard Feinstein Professor of Neurology and
Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine; Director, Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North
Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
Movement Disorders
Sherman Elias, MD
John J. Sciarra Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine;
Chairman, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prentice Women's Hospital of Northwestern Memorial
Hospital
Detection of Genetic Disorders
Dwight L. Evans, MD
Ruth Meltzer Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine
Mood Disorders
Norah C. Feeny, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Case Western
Reserve University
Violence Against Women
James H. Fisher, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Pulmonary and Critical Care, Denver Health Medical Center
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders
Michael R. Foley, MD
Clinical Professor, University of Arizona School of Medicine; Medical Director for Academic Affairs, Scottsdale Healthcare
Pregnancy and Drug Use
Steven D. Freedman, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, The Pancreas Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center
Pancreatitis
Emil J. Freireich, MD
Professor, Department of Leukemia, and Director, Adult
Leukemia Research Programs, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Leukemias
Eugene P. Frenkel, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R.
and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research; Elaine
Dewey Sammons Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research in honor of
Eugene P. Frenkel, MD; and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer
Research, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
at Dallas
Biology of Blood
Marvin P. Fried, MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head
and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore
Medical Center
Nose, Sinus, and Taste Disorders
Mitchell H. Friedlaender, MD
Adjunct Professor, The Scripps Research Institute; Head of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla
Disorders of the Conjunctiva and Sclera
Edmund F. Funai, MD
Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs, Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine; Chief of Obstetrics, Yale-New Haven Hospital
Pregnancy Complications
Matthew G. Fury, MD
Assistant Attending Physician, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Instructor, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer
Pierluigi Gambetti, MD
Professor and Director, National Prion Disease Pathology
Surveillance Center, Institute of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University
Prion Diseases
Sunir J. Garg, MD
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University; Assistant Surgeon, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Institute
Retinal Disorders
James Garrity, MD
Whitney and Betty MacMillan Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
Biology of the Eyes; Optic Nerve Disorders; Eye Socket
Disorders; Eyelid and Tearing Disorders
Brian K. Gehlbach, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University
of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
David M. Gershenson, MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Gynecologic Oncology
and J. Taylor Wharton, MD, Distinguished Chair in Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System
Kenneth A. Getz, MBA
Senior Research Fellow, Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development; Founder and Chairman, The Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research
Participation
The Science of Medicine and Clinical Trials
Elias A. Giraldo, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Director,
Stroke and Neurological Critical Care Programs, University of Tennessee Health Science Center at Memphis
Stroke
Anne Carol Goldberg, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
Cholesterol Disorders
Stephen E. Goldfinger, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
Steven A. Goldman, MD, PhD
Dean Zutes Chair and Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center; Adjunct Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Biology of the Nervous System
M. Jay Goodkind, MD
Associate Professor (Emeritus) of Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Chairman (Emeritus) of Clinical Cardiology, Capital Health System, Mercer Hospital Campus, Trenton
Heart Tumors
Carmen E. Gota, MD
Staff Physician, Department of Rheumatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Vasculitic Disorders
John H. Greist, MD
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School; Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine
Anxiety Disorders
Ashley B. Grossman, MD, FRCP, FMedSci
Professor of Neuroendocrinology and Honorary Consultant
Physician, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London
Adrenal Gland Disorders
John Gunderson, MD
Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Director of Center for Treatment and Research on Borderline
Personality Disorder, McLean Hospital
Personality Disorders
Rula A. Hajj-ali, MD
Staff Physician, Center of Vasculitis Care and Research, Department
of Rheumatic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue
Jesse B. Hall, MD
Professor of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care; Chief, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Judith G. Hall, OC, MD, FRCP(C), FAAP, FCCMG, FABMG
Professor of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics (Emeritus), University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's
Hospital
Genetics
John W. Hallett, Jr., MD
Clinical Professor of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina; Medical Director and Vascular Surgeon, Roper St. Francis Heart and Vascular Center
Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection; Peripheral Arterial
Disease
Susan L. Hendrix, DO
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Principal
Investigator and Director of Women's Health Initiative, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Menopause; Vaginal Infections
Steven K. Herrine, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson
University; Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, Jefferson Medical College
Tumors of the Liver
Jerome M. Hershman, MD
Distinguished Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California
at Los Angeles; Associate Chief, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, West Los Angeles
VA Medical Center
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Martin Hertl, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Surgical Director, Liver Transplantation Program, Massachusetts General
Hospital
Transplantation
Paula J. Adams Hillard, MD
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati; Director of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders
Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, MD
Harry K. Davis Professor, Titus H. Harris Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University
of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Suicidal Behavior
Brian D. Hoit, MD
Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University; Director of Echocardiography, University Hospitals of Cleveland
Pericardial Disease
Waun Ki Hong, MD
American Cancer Society Professor and Samsung Distinguished
University Chair in Cancer Medicine; Professor of Medicine, Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology,
and Head, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson
Cancer Center
Lung Cancer
Juebin Huang, MD, PhD
Research Associate, Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science
Center
Brain Dysfunction; Delirium and Dementia
Daniel A. Hussar, PhD
Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the
Sciences in Philadelphia
Factors Affecting Response to Drugs; Adherence to Drug
Treatment; Over-the-Counter Drugs
Masayoshi Itoh, MD, MPH
Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Consultant, Coler/Goldwater Specialty Hospital and Nursing Facility
Rehabilitation
Michael Jacewicz, MD
Professor of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders;
Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders; Dizziness
and Vertigo; Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Smell and
Taste Disorders
Harry S. Jacob, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School; Editor-in-Chief, Hematology/Oncology Today
Spleen Disorders
Jon A. Jacobson, MD
Associate Professor of Radiology, University of Michigan
Common Imaging Tests
James W. Jefferson, MD
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School; Distinguished Senior Scientist, Madison Institute of Medicine
Anxiety Disorders
Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Geriatrics and Family and Preventive
Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Attending Physician, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
Vitamins; Minerals and Electrolytes
Robert G. Johnson, MD
C. Rollins Hanlon Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University
Surgery
Brian D. Johnston
Fitness Clinician and President and Director of Education
International Association of Resistance Trainers Certification
Institute, Ontario
Exercise and Fitness
Hugh F. Johnston, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Office of Continuing Medical Education,
University of Wisconsin Medical School; Medical Director, Bureau of Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Mental Health Disorders
Thomas V. Jones, MD, MPH
Director, Musculoskeletal and Inflammatory Diseases, Global Medical Affairs, Wyeth
Medical Decision Making
Nicholas Jospe, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Diabetes Mellitus
Michael J. Joyce, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon, Cleveland Clinic; Associate Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University
Bone and Joint Tumors
Fran E. Kaiser, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Saint Louis University; Executive Medical Director, Merck & Co., Inc.
Sexual Dysfunction
Anand D. Kantak, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine
and Pharmacology; Director, Division of Neonatology, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Children
Harold S. Kaplan, MD
Professor of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University; Director of Transfusion Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center
Blood Transfusion
Justin L. Kaplan, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Jefferson Medical School; Senior Assistant Editor, The Merck Manuals, Merck & Co., Inc.
First Aid
Paul R. Katz, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine; Medical Director, Monroe Community Hospital; Director, Finger Lakes Geriatric Education Center of Upstate
New York; Associate Chief of Staff/Research, Canandaigua VA Medical Center
Long-Term Care
Talmadge E. King, Jr., MD
Chief, Department of Medicine, Julius R. Krevans Distinguished
Professorship in Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Preeti Kishore, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine
Diabetes Mellitus
James P. Knochel, MD
Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center; Past Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
Cold Injuries; Heat Disorders
Karen Birckelbaw Kopacek, RPh
Clinical Assistant Professor and Clinical Pharmacist, Division of Pharmacy Practice, University of Wisconsin
School of Pharmacy
Administration and Kinetics of Drugs
Arthur E. Kopelman, MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Neonatology (Emeritus), The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University
Problems in Newborns
David N. Korones, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center
Childhood Cancers
Steven H. Kroft, MD
Associate Professor of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin; Director of Hematopathology, Dynacare Laboratories/Froedtert Hospital
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders
Mark S. Lachs, MD, MPH
Irene F. and I. Roy Psaty Distinguished Professor of Medicine
and Director of Geriatrics, New York Presbyterian Health System
Mistreatment
Jules Y. T. Lam, MD, FRCP(C)
Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Montreal; Cardiologist, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Atherosclerosis
Lewis Landsberg, MD
Irving S. Cutter Professor of Medicine and Dean (Emeritus), Northwestern University
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Ruth A. Lawrence, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Director of Normal Newborn Nursery, Strong Memorial Hospital
Newborns and Infants
Mathew H. M. Lee, MD
Howard A. Rusk Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine and
Chairman, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University
School of Medicine
Rehabilitation
Wendy S. Levinbook, MD
Assistant Professor of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center
Hair Disorders
Matthew E. Levison, MD
Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Professor of Public Health, Drexel University School of Public Health
Antibiotics; Bacterial Infections
Sharon Levy, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Associate Researcher, Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research; Medical Director, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Children's Hospital
Adolescents; Problems in Adolescents
James L. Lewis III, MD
Nephrology Associates, PC, Birmingham
Water Balance; Acid-Base Balance
Alan E. Lichtin, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College
of Medicine of Case Western Reserve; Staff Physician, Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Cleveland
Clinic
Anemia
Paul L. Liebert, MD
Private Practice, Tomah Memorial Hospital, Tomah, WI
Sports Injuries
Richard W. Light, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center
Pleural Disorders
Gregory S. Liptak, MD, MPH
Professor of Pediatrics, Upstate Medical University; Chief, Center for Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics
Birth Defects; Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities
Elliot M. Livstone, MD, FACP, FACG
Attending Physician, Sarasota Memorial Hospital
Tumors of the Digestive System
Phillip Low, MD
Professor of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
Paul D. Lui, MD
Associate Professor of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Biology of the Male Reproductive System; Penile and Testicular
Disorders
Joanne Lynn, MD
Bureau Chief, Chronic Disease and Cancer, Community Health Administration, Department of Health,
Washington, DC
Death and Dying
Robert J. MacNeal, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of General Internal Medicine; Resident Physician, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical
Center
Biology of the Skin; Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin
Disorders; Sunlight and Skin Damage
Kenneth Maiese, MD
Professor and Director, Neurology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Institute for Environmental Health
Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Head Injuries; Stupor and Coma
Scott Manaker, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine; Vice Chair for Regulatory
Affairs, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System
Shock
James F. Markmann, MD, PhD
Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Clinical Director, Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General
Hospital
Transplantation
John T. McBride, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine
and Pharmacology; Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital
Respiratory Disorders in Children
Margaret C. McBride, MD
Professor of Pediatrics (Neurology), Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine
and Pharmacology; Director, Neurodevelopmental Center, Akron Children's Hospital
Neurological Disorders in Children
Daniel J. McCarty, MD
Will and Cava Ross Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Medical College of Wisconsin
Gout and Pseudogout
J. Allen McCutchan, MD, MSc
Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine,
University of California at San Diego
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection; Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
Daniel E. McGinley-Smith, MD
Private Practice, New England Dermatology, Lebanon, NH; Staff Dermatologist, New London Hospital
Pigment Disorders
Karen McKoy, MD, MPH
Assistant Clinical Professor in Dermatology, Harvard Medical School; Senior Staff, Group Practice, Lahey Clinic Department of Dermatology, Burlington,
MA
Acne
James I. McMillan, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University; Chief, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System
Kidney Failure; Dialysis
S. Gene McNeeley, MD
Chief of Gynecology, Hutzel Women's Hospital; Clinical Professor, Michigan State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hutzel
Women's Health Specialists
Pelvic Floor Disorders; Noncancerous Gynecologic Abnormalities
Noshir R. Mehta, DMD, MDS, MS
Professor and Chairman of General Dentistry; Assistant
Dean, International Relations; and Director, Craniofacial Pain Center, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine
Temporomandibular Disorders
Daniel R. Mishell Jr., MD
Lyle G. McNeile Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School
of Medicine, University of Southern California; Chief Physician, Womens and Childrens Hospital, Los Angeles County and
University of Southern California Medical Center
Family Planning
L. Brent Mitchell, MD
Professor and Head, Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary; Director, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary Health Region and University of Calgary
Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Richard T. Miyamoto, MD
Arilla Spence DeVault Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine
Middle and Inner Ear Disorders
Joel L. Moake, MD
Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Associate Director, Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Rice University
Bleeding and Clotting Disorders
Julie S. Moldenhauer, MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina
Labor and Delivery Complications; Postdelivery Period
Pekka Mooar, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Temple University
School of Medicine
Biology of the Musculoskeletal System
John E. Morley, MB, BCh
Dammert Professor of Gerontology, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center; Director of Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center
Biology of the Endocrine System
Angela Cafiero Moroney, PharmD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Geriatrics, Philadelphia VA Medical Center
Dynamics of Drugs
John Morrison, MD
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Pregnancy at High Risk
David F. Murchison, DDS, MMS
Colonel, USAF, DC; Director, Air Force Dental Operations, USAF Dental Service, Lackland-Kelly
Air Force Base
Urgent Dental Problems
Edward A. Nardell, MD
Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public
Health; Department of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities, Brigham
and Women's Hospital
Tuberculosis; Leprosy
Linda P. Nelson, DMD, MScD
Assistant Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Associate Pediatric Dentist, Children's Hospital
Biology of the Mouth
John H. Newman, MD
Elsa S. Hanigan Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Pulmonary Embolism; Pulmonary Hypertension
Lee S. Newman, MD
Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics
and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences
Center
Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases of the Lungs; Environmental
Lung Diseases
Patrick G. O'Connor, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine; Chief, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School
of Medicine
Drug Use and Abuse
Joseph G. Ouslander, MD
Professor of Medicine and Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Emory University
School of Medicine
Urinary Incontinence
James T. Pacala, MD
Associate Professor and Distinguished University Teaching
Professor, Family Practice and Community Health, University of
Minnesota Medical School
Prevention
Robert M. Palmer, MD, MPH
Visiting Professor of Medicine and Clinical Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of Pittsburgh
Hospital Care
Elizabeth J. Palumbo, MD
Private Practice, The Pediatric Group, Fairfax, VA
Problems in Infants and Very Young Children
Richard D. Pearson, MD
Professor of Medicine and Pathology; Senior Associate
Dean for Education, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Parasitic Infections
Lawrence L. Pelletier, Jr., MD
Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Robert J. Dole VA Medical and Regional Office Center,
Wichita
Infective Endocarditis
Frank Pessler, MD, PhD
Pediatric Rheumatologist, Klinik und Polyklinik für Kinder und Jagendmedizin, Medizinische
Fakultät Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis; Bone Disorders; Hereditary
Connective Tissue Disorders
Stephen P. Peters, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics and Associate Director, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Asthma
Hart Peterson, MD
Clinical Professor of Neurology in Pediatrics (Retired), Cornell University; Attending Neurologist and Pediatrician (Retired), New York Hospital
Cerebral Palsy
William A. Petri, Jr., MD, PhD
Wade Hampton Frost Professor of Epidemiology and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University
of Virginia School of Medicine
Rickettsial and Related Infections
David G. Pfister, MD
Professor, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Member and Attending Physician and Chief, Head & Neck
Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer
Katharine A. Phillips, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School
of Brown University
Somatoform Disorders
Harold C. Pillsbury III, MD
Thomas J. Dark Distinguished Professor and Chairman, Department
of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Biology of the Ears, Nose, and Throat
JoAnn V. Pinkerton, MD
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Director, Midlife
Health, University of Virginia Health System
Menstrual Disorders and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
Russell K. Portenoy, MD
Professor of Neurology and Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center
Pain
Carol S. Portlock, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York Weill Cornell University Medical College; Attending Physician, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Lymphomas
Michael Pourfar, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, New York University School
of Medicine
Movement Disorders
Josef T. Prchal, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah; George
E. Wahlen Veterans Administration Medical Center
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Glenn M. Preminger, MD
Professor of Urologic Surgery and Director, Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center, Duke University
Medical Center
Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Sally Pullman-Mooar, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University
of Pennsylvania; Chief, Department of Rheumatology, Philadelphia Veterans Administration
Medical Center
Low Back and Neck Pain
Lawrence G. Raisz, MD
Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Medicine
and Director, UConn Center for Osteoporosis, University of Connecticut Health Center
Osteoporosis
Pedro T. Ramirez, MD
Assistant Professor, Gynecologic Oncology Department, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System
Robert W. Rebar, MD
Executive Director, American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Volunteer Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
Endometriosis; Infertility
Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Stanford University; Ministry of Health, Koror, Palau
Nail Disorders
Douglas J. Rhee, MD
Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical
School
Glaucoma
Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University; Cornea Service, Wills Eye Institute
Corneal Disorders
James R. Roberts, MD
Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Director,
Division of Toxicology, Mercy Catholic Medical Center
Fractures
William O. Robertson, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington; Medical Director, Washington Poison Center
Poisoning
Austin S. Rose, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head
and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Biology of the Ears, Nose, and Throat
Peter L. Rosenblatt, MD
Assistant Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive
Biology, Harvard Medical School; Director of Urogynecology, Mount Auburn Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center
Biology of the Female Reproductive System
Beryl J. Rosenstein, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Cystic Fibrosis
Steven Rosenzweig, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Drexel University College of Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Robert J. Ruben, MD
Distinguished University Professor, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
Hearing Loss and Deafness; Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
in Children
Fred H. Rubin, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Presbyterian Shadyside
Hospital, Shadyside Campus
Immunization
Michael Rubin, MD, FRCP(C)
Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College; Director, Neuromuscular Service and EMG Laboratory, New York Presbyterian
Hospital–Cornell Medical Center
Muscular Dystrophy and Related Disorders; Spinal Cord
Disorders; Peripheral Nerve Disorders; Cranial Nerve Disorders
Atenodoro R. Ruiz, Jr., MD
Attending Physician, Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente,
Santa Clara
Malabsorption
J. Mark Ruscin, PharmD
Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy
Aging and Drugs
Julie E. Russack, MD
Melanoma Fellow, Rigel Dermatology (private practice associated with
New York University Medical Center)
Blistering Diseases
Paul S. Russell, MD
John Homans Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Senior Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation
Charles Sabatino, JD
Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University Law Center; Director, Commission on Law and Aging, American Bar Association
Legal and Ethical Issues
David B. Sachar, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director (Emeritus) of the Dr. Henry D. Janavitz Division
of Gastroenterology, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
Seyed-Ali Sadjadi, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
Lee M. Sanders, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Holtz Children's Hospital
Hereditary Disorders of Metabolism
Christopher Sanford, MD, MPH, DTM & H
Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington; Co-Director, Travel Clinic, Hall Health Center, University of Washington
Travel and Health
Clarence T. Sasaki, MD
The Charles W. Ohse Professor, Chief of Otolaryngology,
and Director, Head and Neck Unit of the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center
Throat Disorders
Erik Schaffer, CP
President, A Step Ahead Prosthetics, Hicksville, NY
Limb Prosthetics
Peter C. Schalock, MD
Instructor in Dermatology, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Itching and Noninfectious Rashes
Steven Schmitt, MD
Head, Section of Bone and Joint Infections, Department
of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic
Bone and Joint Infections
H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director of Arthritis-Immunology Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Types of Inflammatory
Arthritis
Yasmin Suzanne N. Senturias, MD
Postdoctoral Fellow of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine
Normal Preschool and School-Aged Children
Eldon A. Shaffer, MD, FRCP(C), FACP, FACG
Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
Diagnostic Tests for Liver and Gallbladder Disorders;
Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, and Related Disorders; Blood Vessel Disorders
of the Liver; Gallbladder Disorders
Nicholas J. Shaheen, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Director, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina Hospitals
Biology of the Digestive System; Symptoms and Diagnosis
of Digestive Disorders
Stewart Shankel, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Director of Clinical
Medicine, University of California at Riverside
Urinary Tract Infections
William R. Shapiro, MD
Professor of Clinical Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Chief, Neuro-Oncology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix
Tumors of the Nervous System
David D. Sherry, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University
of Pennsylvania
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis; Bone Disorders; Hereditary
Connective Tissue Disorders
Stephen D. Silberstein, MD
Professor of Neurology, Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University
Headaches
Harold Silverman, PharmD
Editor-in-Chief, The Pill Book
Trade-Name and Generic Drugs
Daphne Simeon, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Dissociative Disorders
Ashish C. Sinha, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome (Bariatric Surgery
portion)
Donna L. Skerrett, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine and Director of Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, Weill Cornell Medical College
Blood Transfusion
Richard V. Smith, MD
Vice Chair, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and
Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director, Head and Neck Service, Montefiore Medical Center
Nose and Throat Cancers
Gordon L. Snider, MD
Maurice B. Strauss Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
Bronchitis
Norman Sohn, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Surgeon, Lenox Hill Hospital
Anal and Rectal Disorders
David E. Soper, MD
Professor and Vice Chairman for Clinical Affairs, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University
of South Carolina
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Vaginal Infections
David R. Steinberg, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
and Director, Hand and Upper Extremity Fellowship Program, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine
Hand Disorders
Marvin E. Steinberg, MD
Professor (Emeritus) of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Osteonecrosis
Kingman P. Strohl, MD
Professor of Medicine and Director, Center for Sleep Disorders Research, Case Western Reserve
University
Sleep Apnea
Albert J. Stunkard, MD
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Eating Disorders
Alan M. Sugar, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Boston University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Services and HIV/AIDS Program,
Cape Cod Healthcare
Fungal Infections
Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,
Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester
School of Medicine and Dentistry
Mental Retardation; Behavioral and Developmental Problems
in Young Children; Learning and Developmental Disorders
David A. Swanson, MD
Clinical Professor, Department of Urology, The University of Texas, M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center
Cancers of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Moira Szilagyi, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester; Medical Director, Starlight Pediatrics, Monroe County Health Department
Social Issues Affecting Children and Their Families
Paul H. Tanser, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), McMaster University; Medical Head of Cardiology, Palmerston North Hospital, New Zealand
Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels; Symptoms and
Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders; Heart Valve Disorders
Joan B. Tarloff, PhD
Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
the Sciences in Philadelphia
Adverse Drug Reactions
Mary Territo, MD
Professor of Medicine, Director of Hematopoietic Stem
Cell Transplantation, University of California, Los Angeles
White Blood Cell Disorders
Francoise Thierfelder, MD
Fellow of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine
Normal Preschool and School-Aged Children
David R. Thomas, MD, FACP, FAGS
Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University Health Sciences
Center
Undernutrition
Elizabeth Chabner Thompson, MD, MPH
Private Practice, NY Group for Plastic Surgery
Overview of Cancer; Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
Stig Thunell, MD, PhD
Professor, Karolinska Institute; Senior Consultant, Porphyria Center Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital
Huddinge, Stockholm
Porphyrias
Courtney M. Townsend, Jr., MD
Professor and John Woods Harris Distinguished Chairman, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch
at Galveston
Carcinoid Tumors
Oren Traub, MD, PhD
Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Pacific Medical Centers and University of Washington
The Science of Medicine and Clinical Trials
Amal Trivedi, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Community Health, Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Investigator, REAP on Outcomes and Quality in Chronic Disease and
Rehabilitation, Providence VA Medical Center
Health Care Coverage for Older Adults
Anne S. Tsao, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck
Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center
Lung Cancer
Allan R. Tunkel, MD, PhD
Chair, Department of Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
Biology of Infectious Disease
Alexander G. G. Turpie, MD
Professor of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences General Hospital
Venous Disorders; Lymphatic Disorders
James T. Ubertalli, DMD
Assistant Clinical Professor, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine; Private Practice, Hingham, MA
Periodontal Diseases; Tooth Disorders
Marguerite A. Urban, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine
Viral Infections
Eva M. Vivian, PharmD
Clinical Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy
Overview of Drugs
Victor G. Vogel, MD, MHS
National Vice President for Research, American Cancer Society
Breast Disorders
Aaron D. Walfish, MD
Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, Manhattan Campus of Albert
Einstein College of Medicine
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
J. Wayne Warnica, MD, FRCP(C)
Professor of Medicine, Department of Cardiac Science, University of Calgary; Director, Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Foothills Medical Centre
Coronary Artery Disease
Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Director, Pediatric HIV Program, Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong
Bacterial Infections
Gregory L. Wells, MD
Resident in Dermatology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Skin Cancers
John B. West, MD, PhD, DSc
Professor of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Diego
Altitude Sickness
Terrie Fox Wetle, PhD, MS
Associate Dean of Medicine for Public Health, Alpert Medical School; Professor, Department of Community Health, Division of Biology
and Medicine, Brown University
Coping with Change
Kendrick Alan Whitney, DPM
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine and Orthopedics, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine
Foot Problems
Margaret-Mary G. Wilson, MD, MRCP
Medical Director, Health Services, UnitedHealthcare, Maryland Heights
Overview of Nutrition; Disorders of Unknown Cause
Robert A. Wise, MD
Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Steven E. Wolf, MD
Betty and Bob Kelso Distinguished Chair in Burns and Trauma,
Vice-Chair for Research and Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science
Center–San Antonio; Chief, Clinical Research, United States Army Institute of
Surgical Research
Burns
Eiji Yanagisawa, MD
Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine
Outer Ear Disorders
Heidi Yeh, MD
Instructor in Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
Transplantation
Adrienne Youdim, MD
Director, Medical Weight Loss, Cedars-Sinai Center for Weight
Loss
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Lowell S. Young, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; Director, Kuzell Institute, California Pacific Medical Center
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock
Contributors to Previous Version of Select Subjects
We recognize the important contributions of the following
contributors who were involved with the previous version of a subject
that has since undergone an update/revision. The subject(s) that
they were responsible for are listed after their affiliations.
David B. Acker, MD
Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive
Biology, Harvard University; Chief of Obstetrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Normal Labor and Delivery; Complications of Labor and
Delivery; Postdelivery Period
James K. Alexander, MD
Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
Pulmonary Embolism
Karl E. Anderson, MD
Professor of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
Porphyrias
John A. Astin, PhD
Scientist, California Pacific Medical Center
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Ercem S. Atillasoy, MD, FAAD
Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Departments of Dermatology, Thomas Jefferson University and
Yale University School of Medicine; Senior Director, Merck & Co., Inc.
Noncancerous Skin Growths; Skin Cancers
Hervy E. Averette, MD
Professor of Clinical Oncology, University of Miami; American Cancer Society Professor and
Sylvester Professor of Gynecologic Oncology
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System
Gabriele M. Barthlen, MD
Technische Universitaet, Muenchen, Germany
Sleep Disorders
Nir Barzilai, MD
Director of Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus
Brian M. Berman, MD
Professor of Family Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Director, University of Maryland Complementary Medicine Program
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Lewis E. Braverman, MD
Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc
Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine
Outer Ear Disorders
J. Raymond Buncic, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto; Ophthalmologist-in-Chief, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Eye Disorders in Children
John F. Burke, MD
Helen Andrus Benedict Professor of Surgery (Emeritus), Harvard University; Chief of Trauma Services (Emeritus), Massachusetts General Hospital
Burns
John J. Caronna, MD
Professor of Clinical Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Neurologist, New York-Presbyterian Hospital
Stroke; Head Injuries; Stupor and Coma
William D. Chey, MD, FACG, FACP
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Director
of Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, University of Michigan Health System
Hiatus Hernia, Bezoars, and Foreign Bodies; Peptic Disorders
David Christiani, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Occupational Lung Diseases
Ralph E. Cutler, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Consultant in Nephrology, Loma Linda VA Medical Center
Male Reproductive System; Kidney Failure
Anne L. Davis, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Bellevue Hospital Center
Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis
Ronald Dee, MD
Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Surgeon, The Stamford Hospital
Venous Disorders; Lymphatic Disorders
Eugene P. DiMagno, MD
Professor of Medicine, Mayo Medical School; Consultant of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Pancreatitis
Douglas A. Drossman, MD
Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry and Codirector of
Center for Functional and Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Biology of the Digestive System; Symptoms and Diagnosis
of Digestive Disorders
Nancy Neveloff Dubler, LLB
Professor of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Director, Division of Bioethics, Montefiore Medical Center
Legal and Ethical Issues
John E. Edwards, Jr., MD
Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; Chief of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Fungal Infections
Elizabeth A. Erwin, MD
Fellow, University of Virginia
Allergic Reactions
Walter H. Ettinger, MD
Executive Vice President, Virtua Health, Inc.
Biology of the Musculoskeletal System
E. Dale Everett, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia
Bacterial Skin Infections
Harrison W. Farber, MD
Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
Pulmonary Hypertension
Wayne S. Fenton, MD
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder
Andrew J. Fletcher, MB, BChir
Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Temple University School of Pharmacy
Genetics
Arnold S. Freedman, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Lymphomas
Eugene P. Frenkel, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Radiology, Patsy R.
and Raymond D. Nasher Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research; Elaine
Dewey Sammons Distinguished Chair in Cancer Research in honor of
Eugene P. Frenkel, MD; and A. Kenneth Pye Professorship in Cancer
Research, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
at Dallas
Anemia; Overview of Cancer
Mitchell H. Friedlaender, MD
Adjunct Professor, The Scripps Research Institute; Head of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla
Eyelid and Tear Gland Disorders
Steven M. Fruchtman, MD
Director, Myeloproliferative Disease Program and Director
(Emeritus) of Stem Cell Transplant, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York; Associate Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Glen O. Gabbard, MD
Professor of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine
Overview of Mental Health Care
Marc Galanter, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Alcoholism and
Drug Abuse, New York University School of Medicine
Drug Use and Abuse
Bruce J. Gantz, MD
Professor and Head, Department of Otolaryngolog—Head and
Neck Surgery, and Brian F. McCabe Distinguished Chair in Otolaryngology—Head
and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Middle and Inner Ear Disorders
Tobin N. Gerhart, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Fractures
Robert H. Gelber, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco
Leprosy
John P. Glazer, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics and Director of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
Mental Health Disorders
Barry Steven Gold, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
Bites and Stings
Michael F. Greene, MD
Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive
Biology, Harvard Medical School; Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
Normal Pregnancy; High-Risk Pregnancy
H. Roger Hadley, MD
Professor of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Chief of Urology, Loma Linda University Medical Center
Urinary Incontinence
Susan L. Hendrix, DO
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Principal
Investigator and Director of Women's Health Initiative, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Menstrual Disorders and
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding; Fibroids; Pelvic Floor Disorders; Sexual Dysfunction
Alan T. Hirsch, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Vascular
Medicine Program, Minnesota Vascular Diseases Center, University of Minnesota Medical School
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Paul D. Hoeprich, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
Bacterial Infections
Charles S. Houston, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), University of Vermont College of Medicine
Cold Injuries; Heat Disorders; Altitude Illness
Steven Jonas, MD, MPH, MS
Professor of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Exercise and Fitness
Nicholas Jospe, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Hereditary Disorders of Metabolism
David W. Kennedy, MD
Professor and Chairman of Otorhinolaryngology, Vice Dean
for Professional Affairs, University of Pennsylvania; Senior Vice President, University of Pennsylvania Health System
Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses
Richard P. Kluft, MD
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Temple University School of Medicine
Amnesia and Related Disorders
Cheryl M. Kodjo, MD, MPH
Senior Instructor in Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Rochester
Normal Adolescents; Problems in Adolescents
Nancy Ebbesmeyer Lanphear, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical
Center
Behavioral and Developmental Problems in Young Children
Amy Lee, MD
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
Overview of Nutrition
Daniel Levinson, MD
Associate Professor (Emeritus) of Family and Community
Medicine and Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine
Travel and Health
James L. Lewis III, MD
Nephrology Associates, PC, Birmingham
Minerals and Electrolytes
Lewis A. Lipsitz, MD
Professor and Director, Harvard Division on Aging; Usen Codirector, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Research and Training
Institute, Boston; Chief, Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Low Blood Pressure
Paul D. Lui, MD
Associate Professor of Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Prostate Disorders
Maren L. Mahowald, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota; Chief of Rheumatology, Minneapolis VA Medical Center
Bone and Joint Infections
Gerald L. Mandell, MD, MACP
Owen R. Cheatham Professor of the Sciences and Professor
of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center
Biology of Infectious Disease
Edward R. Marcantonio, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Quality and Outcomes Research, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged
Delirium and Dementia
Richard J. Martin, MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Head of Pulmonary Division and Vice Chair of Department
of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
Asthma
Alfonse T. Masi, MD, DrPH
Professor of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; Professor of Epidemiology, University of Illinois School of Public Health
Disorders of Muscles, Bursas, and Tendons
Richard G. Masson, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine; Chief of Pulmonary Medicine, Framingham Union Hospital
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders; Respiratory
Failure
Daniel L. Menkes, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology and Director of Clinical
Neurophysiology Services, University of Tennessee, Memphis
Seizure Disorders
Pamela A. Moalli, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Magee-Womens Hospital
Biology of the Female Reproductive System
Mark Monane, MD, MS
Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor, Rutgers College of Pharmacy; Principal, Biotechnology & Life Sciences, Needham and Company, Inc., New York
Drugs and Aging
Pekka Mooar, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Temple University
School of Medicine
Sports Injuries
David F. Murchison, DDS, MMS
Colonel, USAF, DC; Director, Air Force Dental Operations, USAF Dental Service, Lackland-Kelly
Air Force Base
Tooth Disorders
John D. Norante, MD
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders
J. D. Overton, DDS
Private Dental Practice, Biloxi, MS
Urgent Dental Problems
Dhavalkumar D. Patel, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology, Duke University Medical Center
Biology of the Immune System
Sidney F. Phillips, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Karl F. and Marjory
Hasselmann Professor of Research, Mayo Medical School; Consultant, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Bowel Movement Disorders
Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Head
of Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia
Allergic Reactions
Jerome B. Posner, MD
Professor of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Attending Neurologist, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Low Back Pain
Douglas J. Pritchard, MD
Consultant of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Bone Tumors
Mirza I. Rahman, MD, MPH, FAAFP, FACPM
Adjunct Professor of Pharmacoepidemiology, Temple University School of Pharmacy; Director, Medical Services, Merck & Co., Inc.
Prevention
Jeffrey B. Reich, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology, Cornell University Medical College
Headaches
Norman R. Relkin, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College; Director, Cornell Memory Disorders Program, New York-Presbyterian Hospital
Brain Dysfunction
Hal B. Richerson, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine (Emeritus), University of Iowa
Allergic Diseases of the Lungs
Joel E. Richter, MD
Professor of Medicine, Ohio State University Health Science Center at the
Cleveland Clinic; Chair of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Disorders of the Esophagus
Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS
Assistant Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia
Refractive Disorders; Uveitis
G. Victor Rossi, PhD
Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Professor of Pharmacology, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, University
of the Sciences in Philadelphia
Overview of Drugs; Adverse Drug Reactions; Drug Dynamics
Thomas M. Rossi, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology
and Nutrition, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Digestive Disorders
Robert J. Ruben, MD
Distinguished University Professor, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
Throat Disorders
Albert A. Rundio, Jr., PhD
Associate Professor of Nursing, Drexel University of the Health Sciences
Prevention
Steven A. Sahn, MD
Professor of Medicine and Director of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
Pleural Disorders
Tracey Schefter, MD
Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center
Radiation Injury
Charles A. Schiffer, MD
Professor of Medicine and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School
of Medicine
Leukemias
Rodney J. Schlosser, MD
Assistant Professor, Director of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery,
Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina
Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses
H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr., MD
Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director of Arthritis-Immunology Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis; Autoimmune Disorders of
Connective Tissue; Vasculitic Disorders of Connective Tissue; Bone Disorders;
Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders
John T. Schulz III, MD, PhD
Instructor in Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Burn, Trauma, and General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
Diverticular Disease
Stewart Shankel, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Director of Clinical
Medicine, University of California at Riverside
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
Jerome B. Simon, MD, FRCP(C), FACP
Professor of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Biology of the Liver and Gallbladder; Clinical Manifestations
of Liver Disease; Hepatitis; Liver Tumors
Arthur T. Skarin, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Medicine, Brigham
and Women's Hospital
Lymphomas
Gordon L. Snider, MD
Maurice B. Strauss Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Spotswood L. Spruance, MD
Professor of Medicine, Adjunct Professor of Dermatology,
and Adjunct Professor of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
Viral Infections
Scott Steidl, MD, DMA
Director of Vitreoretinal Disease, University of Maryland Medical Center
Retinal Disorders
E. Richard Stiehm, MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of Immunology, Allergy,
and Rheumatology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Matthew J. Stiller, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University
Biology of the Skin; Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin
Disorders; Itching and Noninfectious Rashes; Acne; Hair Disorders;
Sweating Disorders; Sunlight and Skin Damage; Pigment Disorders;
Blistering Diseases
Albert J. Stunkard, MD
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Obesity
Norman Sussman, MD
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine; Director of Psychopharmacology Research and Consultation
Service, Bellevue Hospital Center
Depression and Mania
Paul H. Tanser, MD
Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), McMaster University; Medical Head of Cardiology, Palmerston North Hospital, New Zealand
Cardiomyopathy
Annette Terebuh, MD
Mary Rutan Hospital, Bellefontaine, OH
Glaucoma
Josip Terebuh, MD
Eye Physician and Surgeon, Mary Rutan Hospital, Bellefontaine, OH
Glaucoma
B. Taylor Thompson, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Ronald G. Tompkins, MD, ScD
John F. Burke Professor of Surgery, Harvard University; Visiting Surgeon, Massachusetts General Hospital
Gastrointestinal Emergencies; Diverticular Disease
Thomas N. Tozer, PhD
Professor (Emeritus) of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco
Drug Administration and Kinetics
Barbara Braunstein Wilson, MD
Edward P. Cawley Associate Professor of Dermatology, University of Virginia
Parasitic Skin Infections; Fungal Skin Infections; Viral
Skin Infections
Marilyn Wright, MS, MPH
Director of Community Case Management, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
Pressure Sores
Thomas M. Zizic, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Codirector, Chesapeake Medical Research
Avascular Necrosis of the Bone
Additional Acknowledgments
While this online version of The Merck Manual of Medical
Information—Home Edition has been extensively revised,
some entries contain information and text from the First and Second
Home Editions. In some cases, new contributors have replaced those who
contributed to those editions. As is our tradition, we publish the
names of only the contributors to the current edition. However, we
recognize the important contributions of those contributors who
made our previous edition a success.
Last full review/revision March 2009
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