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THE MERCK MANUAL MEDICAL LIBRARY: The Merck Manual of Medical Information--Home Edition
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Bl

Black cohosh

Menopause: Alternative Medicine
Black Cohosh

Black eye

Blunt Injuries to the Eye: Black Eye

Blackfly bites

Onchocerciasis

Blackheads

Acne
Comparing Mild Acne and Severe AcneFigures

Black lung

Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis

Blackwater fever

Malaria: Falciparum Malaria

Black widow spider bite

Spider Bites

Bladder

Internal Female Genital OrgansFigures

  • age-associated changes in

  • Effects of Aging
    Spotlight on AgingSidebar
    Changes in the Body: Kidneys and Urinary Tract

  • biology of

  • Viewing the Urinary TractFigures
    Bladder

  • birth defects of

  • Urinary Tract Defects: Bladder and Urethra Defects
    Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

  • cancer of

  • Bladder Cancer

  • cystoscopy of

  • Diagnosis: Cystoscopy

  • diverticula of

  • Urinary Tract Defects: Bladder and Urethra Defects

  • fistula of

  • in cystitis

  • Bladder Infection (Cystitis): Women
    Bladder Infection (Cystitis): Both Sexes

  • in diverticulitis

  • Diverticulitis: Complications
    Complications of Diverticular DiseaseFigures

  • imaging of

  • Diagnosis: Imaging Tests

  • incontinence of

  • see Incontinence, urinary

  • infection of

  • Bladder Infection (Cystitis)
    Preventing Bladder Infections in WomenSidebar

  • after childbirth

  • Infections: Bladder and Kidney Infections

  • in children

  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

  • hospital-acquired

  • Problems Due to Hospitalization: Urinary Tract Infections

  • in infection prevention

  • Defenses Against Infection: Physical Barriers

  • inflammation of

  • Bladder Infection (Cystitis): Both Sexes
    Interstitial Cystitis: Bladder Inflammation, Not InfectionSidebar

  • injury to

  • Bladder Injuries

  • neurogenic

  • Urinary Incontinence: Overflow Incontinence

  • overactive

  • Urinary Incontinence: Urge Incontinence

  • pressure in

  • Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis

  • prolapse of

  • Effects of Aging
    Pelvic Floor Disorders

  • removal of

  • Bladder Cancer: Treatment

  • schistosomiasis of

  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Parasites

  • stones in

  • Stones in the Urinary Tract

  • tumors of

  • Bladder Cancer

    Blast crisis

    Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)

    Blastocyst

    Stages of Development: Development of the Blastocyst
    From Egg to EmbryoFigures

  • transfer of

  • Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Other Techniques

    Blastomycosis

    Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Fungi

  • North American

  • Blastomycosis

  • South American

  • Paracoccidioidomycosis

    Bleaching

  • of skin

  • Vitiligo: Treatment

  • of teeth

  • A Brighter Smile Through Cosmetic DentistrySidebar

    Bleeding

    see also Blood
    Blood Vessels

  • after labor and delivery

  • Problems Affecting the Woman: Excessive Uterine Bleeding
    Hospital (What to Expect): Bleeding

  • after liver biopsy

  • Biopsy of the Liver

  • after oral surgery

  • After Dental Treatment: Bleeding

  • in allergic purpura

  • Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

  • alveolar

  • Unusual Interstitial Lung DiseasesTables

  • in anemia

  • Common Causes of Anemia Tables
    Anemia Due to Excessive Bleeding

  • aspirin and

  • Treatment: Aspirin

  • blood pressure response to

  • Low Blood Pressure

  • brain

  • Hemorrhagic Stroke
    Burst and Breaks: Causes of Hemorrhagic StrokeFigures
    Intracranial Hematomas
    Pockets of Blood in the BrainFigures

  • coma with

  • Some Causes of Stupor and Coma Tables

  • in cancer

  • Symptoms: Bleeding

  • in colorectal cancer

  • Colorectal Cancer: Symptoms

  • conjunctiva

  • Symptoms: Red Eye

  • digestive system

  • Symptoms: Bleeding from the Digestive Tract
    Common Causes of Gastrointestinal BleedingTables
    Diagnosis: Occult Blood Tests

  • disorders of

  • see Clotting, disorders of

  • in disseminated intravascular coagulation

  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

  • in diverticulosis

  • Diverticulosis: Symptoms

  • in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

  • epidural

  • Pockets of Blood in the BrainFigures
    Intracranial Hematomas: Epidural Hematomas

  • from esophageal varices

  • Portal Hypertension: Treatment
    Portal Vein Thrombosis: Symptoms

  • in esophagitis

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD): Symptoms and Complications

  • in eye

  • Blunt Injuries to the Eye: Hyphema

  • with fracture

  • Fractures: Complications

  • from cut

  • Wounds: First-Aid Treatment

  • in hemolytic-uremic syndrome

  • Thrombocytopenia (ITP, TTP): Causes

  • in hemophilia

  • Hemophilia

  • of hemorrhoids

  • Hemorrhoids: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease)

  • Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

  • internal

  • Internal Bleeding

  • iron deficiency with

  • Iron: Iron Deficiency

  • in Mallory-Weiss syndrome

  • Injury: Esophageal Laceration

  • menstrual

  • Internal Genital Organs: Uterus and Cervix
    Menstrual Cycle
    Changes During the Menstrual CycleFigures

  • disorders of

  • Menstrual Disorders and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
    Deciphering Medical Terms for Menstrual Disorders*Tables
    Symptoms That Can Occur in Premenstrual SyndromeSidebar
    Adenomyosis: Noncancerous Growth of the UterusSidebar
    What Is Pelvic Congestion Syndrome?Sidebar

  • in newborn

  • Physical Examination
    Birth Injury: Head and Brain Injury

  • nose

  • Nosebleeds

  • in peptic ulcers

  • What Are the Complications of Peptic Ulcers?Sidebar

  • in polycythemia vera

  • Polycythemia Vera: Symptoms and Complications

  • postmenopausal

  • Deciphering Medical Terms for Menstrual Disorders*Tables

  • during pregnancy

  • Pregnancy Complications
    Miscarriage: Symptoms
    Placenta Previa
    Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae)

  • in pseudoxanthoma elasticum

  • Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

  • rectum

  • in Meckel's diverticulum

  • Meckel's Diverticulum: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • shock in

  • Shock: Hypovolemic Shock

  • stomach

  • drug-related

  • Some Serious Adverse Drug Reactions Tables

  • in stress gastritis

  • Gastritis: Symptoms and Complications
    Gastritis: Treatment

  • subarachnoid

  • Burst and Breaks: Causes of Hemorrhagic StrokeFigures
    Hemorrhagic Stroke: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

  • subconjunctival

  • Blunt Injuries to the Eye: Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

  • subdural

  • Pockets of Blood in the BrainFigures
    Intracranial Hematomas: Subdural Hematomas

  • in thrombocytopenia

  • Thrombocytopenia (ITP, TTP)

  • in ulcerative colitis

  • Ulcerative Colitis: Complications

  • uterine

  • see also Menstrual cycle

  • dysfunctional

  • Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

  • vaginal

  • Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding
    Common Causes of Abnormal Vaginal BleedingTables
    Cancer of the Uterus: Symptoms
    Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms

  • in vitamin C deficiency

  • Vitamin C: Symptoms

  • in vitamin K deficiency

  • Vitamin K: Symptoms

  • in Von Willebrand's disease

  • Von Willebrand's Disease

  • in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

  • Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

    Blepharitis (eyelid inflammation)

    Blepharitis

    Blepharospasm

    Dystonia: Focal and Segmental Dystonias

    Blindness

    see also Vision, loss of
    Symptoms: Loss of Vision
    How and Why Blindness DevelopsSidebar

  • cataract and

  • Cataract
    How Cataracts Affect VisionFigures

  • color

  • Symptoms: Color Blindness
    What Causes Color Blindness?Sidebar
    Diagnosis: Color Vision Testing

  • cortical

  • Dysfunction by Location: Occipital Lobe Damage

  • information resources on

  • B

  • in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

  • Other Primary Demyelinating Diseases: Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

  • night

  • Vitamin A: Symptoms
    Symptoms: Night Blindness

  • nutritional

  • Toxic Amblyopia (Nutritional Amblyopia)

  • rehabilitation for

  • Specific Problems: Blindness

  • in retinitis pigmentosa

  • Retinitis Pigmentosa

  • river (onchocerciasis)

  • Onchocerciasis

  • toxic

  • Toxic Amblyopia (Nutritional Amblyopia)

  • trachoma and

  • Trachoma

  • in vitamin A deficiency

  • Vitamin A: Symptoms

    Blind spot

    Diagnosis: Visual Field Testing

    Blisters

    Medical Names for Marks and Growths on the SkinSidebar
    Blistering Diseases

  • in bullous pemphigoid

  • Bullous Pemphigoid

  • in cellulitis

  • Cellulitis: Symptoms

  • in contact dermatitis

  • Dermatitis: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in dermatitis herpetiformis

  • Dermatitis Herpetiformis
    Dermatitis Herpetiformis

  • in erythema multiforme

  • Erythema Multiforme: Symptoms

  • in frostbite

  • Frostbite: Symptoms

  • genital

  • in chancroid

  • Chancroid

  • in lymphogranuloma venereum

  • Lymphogranuloma Venereum

  • in herpes simplex virus infection

  • Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

  • in impetigo

  • Impetigo

  • in necrotizing skin infection

  • Necrotizing Skin Infections: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in nummular dermatitis

  • Dermatitis: Nummular Dermatitis

  • in pemphigus

  • Pemphigus Vulgaris
    Pemphigus Vulgaris: Symptoms

  • in pompholyx

  • Dermatitis: Pompholyx

  • in porphyria cutanea tarda

  • Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • in shingles

  • Shingles: Symptoms and Complications

  • in Stevens-Johnson syndrome

  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

  • in toxic epidermal necrolysis

  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

    Bloating

    Symptoms: Gas-Related Complaints

    Blood

    see also Bleeding
    Major Organ SystemsTables

  • acidity of

  • Acid-Base Balance
    What Is the Blood pH?Sidebar
    Major Causes of Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic AlkalosisSidebar
    Major Causes of Respiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisSidebar

  • age-associated changes in

  • Changes in the Body: Blood Production

  • alkalinity of

  • Acid-Base Balance
    What Is the Blood pH?Sidebar
    Major Causes of Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic AlkalosisSidebar
    Major Causes of Respiratory Acidosis and AlkalosisSidebar
    Alkalosis

  • anemia and

  • see Anemia(s)

  • bacteria in

  • see also Bacteremia; Sepsis

  • biology of

  • Biology of Blood

  • cancer of

  • see Leukemia; Lymphoma

  • cells of

  • see also Red blood cells; White blood cells

  • components of

  • Components of Blood

  • coughing up of

  • Symptoms: Hemoptysis

  • dialysis of

  • see Dialysis

  • disorders of

  • see also specific disorders, eg, Anemia(s); Bleeding; Leukemia

  • diagnosis of

  • Diagnosis

  • information resources on

  • B

  • symptoms of

  • Symptoms

  • disorders of Anemia(s) Bleeding

  • Anemia

  • glucose levels of

  • see Sugar(s), blood

  • hyperviscosity of, in macroglobulinemia

  • Macroglobulinemia: Symptoms and Complications

  • in urine (hematuria)

  • Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis

  • liver processing of

  • Liver

  • occult

  • Diagnosis: Occult Blood Tests
    Colorectal Cancer: Symptoms
    Diagnosis: Screening
    Cancer Screening RecommendationsTables

  • in phlegm

  • Symptoms: Hemoptysis

  • in pleural space (hemothorax)

  • Pleural Effusion: Types of Fluid

  • purification of (hemapheresis)

  • Controlling Diseases by Purifying the BloodSidebar

  • radiation effects on

  • Radiation Injury: Acute Radiation Illness

  • red cell deficiency of

  • see Anemia(s)

  • Rh factor in

  • Abortion: Complications
    Prenatal Diagnostic Testing: Chorionic Villus Sampling
    Medical Care: First Examination
    Hospital (What to Expect): Vaccines and Immune Globulin
    Rh Incompatibility

  • in sputum

  • Symptoms: Hemoptysis

  • stem cells from

  • see also Stem cells
    Stem Cell Transplantation

  • in stool

  • Symptoms: Bleeding from the Digestive Tract
    Symptoms: Causes
    Diagnosis: Screening
    Cancer Screening RecommendationsTables

  • substitutes for

  • Types of Transfusions: Blood Substitutes

  • testing of

  • Diagnosis: Laboratory Blood Tests
    Complete Blood Count (CBC) Tables
    Blood TypingFigures
    Testing Donated Blood for InfectionsSidebar
    Blood Tests*Tables
    Diagnostic ProceduresTables

  • from fetus

  • Prenatal Diagnostic Testing: Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling
    Monitoring the FetusSidebar

  • in pregnancy

  • Detecting and Dating a Pregnancy

  • transfusion of

  • see Blood transfusion

  • typing of

  • Diagnosis: Blood Typing
    Blood TypingFigures

  • umbilical cord, sampling from

  • Prenatal Diagnostic Testing: Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling

  • in urine (hematuria)

  • Symptoms: Blood in the Urine
    Diagnosis: Urinalysis
    Kidney Cancer: Symptoms

  • volume of

  • Sodium: Controlling Blood Volume
    Diagnosis: Other Blood Tests
    Blood Tests*Tables

  • overhydration and

  • Overhydration

  • during pregnancy

  • Physical Changes: Heart and Blood Flow

  • in vomit

  • Symptoms: Bleeding from the Digestive Tract
    Symptoms: Nausea and Vomiting

    Blood-brain barrier

    Brain

    Blood clots

    see also Embolism

  • after childbirth

  • Infections: Bladder and Kidney Infections

  • after heart attack

  • Complications of a Heart AttackSidebar

  • after stroke

  • Preventing and Treating Problems After a StrokeTables

  • after surgery

  • Surgery: Complications

  • in aneurysm

  • Aneurysms

  • bed rest and

  • Problems Due to Hospitalization: Blood Clots

  • in Budd-Chiari syndrome

  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome

  • coronary artery disease and

  • Acute Coronary Syndromes (Heart Attack; Myocardial Infarction; Unstable Angina): Causes

  • of deep veins

  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    Umbrellas: One Way to Prevent Pulmonary EmbolismFigures

  • in disseminated intravascular coagulation

  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

  • formation of

  • drug effects on

  • Drugs and Blood Clots: A Complicated RelationshipSidebar

  • in hemostasis

  • Blood Clots: Plugging the BreaksFigures

  • in frostbite

  • Frostbite

  • in heart attack

  • Acute Coronary Syndromes (Heart Attack; Myocardial Infarction; Unstable Angina): Opening the Arteries

  • in ischemic stroke

  • Ischemic Stroke: Causes
    Clogs and Clots: Causes of Ischemic StrokeFigures

  • mesenteric artery (intestinal)

  • Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

  • in mountain sickness

  • What Is Chronic Mountain Sickness?Sidebar

  • oral contraceptives and

  • Contraception: Disadvantages

  • in peripheral arterial disease

  • Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease

  • portal vein

  • Portal Vein Thrombosis

  • in pregnancy

  • Thromboembolic Disorders During Pregnancy

  • prevention of

  • see also Anticoagulants
    Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Prevention

  • pulmonary artery

  • see Pulmonary embolism

  • renal artery

  • Blockage of the Renal Arteries

  • renal vein

  • Renal Vein Thrombosis

  • risks for

  • What Predisposes Someone to Blood Clots?Sidebar

  • in skin infection

  • Necrotizing Skin Infections

  • of superficial veins (thrombophlebitis)

  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    Superficial Thrombophlebitis

  • in thrombophilia

  • Thrombophilia

  • travel and

  • Problems in Transit: Blood Clots

    Blood flow

    see Circulation

    Blood flukes

    Parasitic Infections: Other Infections

    Blood gas analysis

    Diagnosis: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis

    Bloodletting (phlebotomy)

  • in hemochromatosis

  • Iron: Treatment

  • in polycythemia vera

  • Polycythemia Vera: Prognosis and Treatment

  • in porphyria cutanea tarda

  • Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: Treatment

    Blood pressure

  • age-associated changes in

  • Effects of Aging
    High Blood Pressure
    Ups and Downs of Blood PressureSidebar

  • classification of

  • Classifying Blood Pressure in Adults Tables

  • control of

  • High Blood Pressure: The Body's Control of Blood Pressure
    Regulating Blood Pressure: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone SystemFigures
    Low Blood Pressure
    Kidneys: Regulation of Blood Pressure

  • high

  • see High blood pressure

  • low

  • see Low blood pressure

  • measurement of

  • Diagnosis: Continuous Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
    High Blood Pressure
    High Blood Pressure: Diagnosis
    Measuring Blood PressureFigures
    Diagnostic ProceduresTables

  • in peripheral arterial disease

  • Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis

  • during pregnancy

  • Physical Changes: Heart and Blood Flow

  • in preventive care

  • Selected Screening Schedule for AdultsTables

  • stress effects on

  • High Blood Pressure: Aggravating Factors

  • 24-hour monitoring of

  • High Blood Pressure: Diagnosis

  • variations in

  • Ups and Downs of Blood PressureSidebar

    Blood test

    see Blood, testing of

    Blood thinners

    see Anticoagulants

    Blood transfusion

    Blood Transfusion

  • adverse reactions to

  • Precautions and Adverse Reactions

  • allergic reactions to

  • Precautions and Adverse Reactions

  • autologous

  • Special Donation Procedures: Autologous Transfusion
    Surgery: Blood Storage for Transfusion

  • directed donation for

  • Special Donation Procedures: Directed or Designated Donation

  • donation process for

  • Donation Process
    Blood TypingFigures
    Testing Donated Blood for InfectionsSidebar
    Controlling Diseases by Purifying the BloodSidebar

  • graft-versus-host reaction in

  • Precautions and Adverse Reactions

  • in hemophilia

  • Hemophilia: Diagnosis and Treatment

  • HIV transmission with

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV Infection: Transmission of Infection

  • in hyperbilirubinemia

  • Hyperbilirubinemia: Treatment

  • in kidney failure

  • Chronic Kidney Failure: Treatment

  • leukocyte reduction in

  • Precautions and Adverse Reactions

  • in newborn anemia

  • Anemia in the Newborn: Treatment

  • precautions for

  • Precautions and Adverse Reactions

  • in Rh incompatibility

  • Rh Incompatibility: Treatment

  • types of

  • Types of Transfusions

    Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

    Diagnosis: Kidney Function Tests
    Blood Tests*Tables

    Blood vessels

    see also Artery (arteries); Vein(s)
    Blood Vessels

  • age-associated changes in

  • Effects of Aging
    Changes in the Body: Heart and Blood Vessels

  • aneurysm of

  • see also Aneurysm
    Aneurysms
    Where Do Aortic Aneurysms Occur?Figures
    Some Causes of Stupor and Coma Tables
    Hemorrhagic Stroke: Causes

  • angiography of

  • Diagnosis: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • atherosclerosis of

  • see Atherosclerosis

  • cerebral

  • Supplying the Brain With Blood Figures

  • circulation and

  • Blood Vessels: Circulating the BloodFigures

  • collateral

  • Portal Hypertension

  • disorders of

  • see also specific disorders, eg, High blood pressure
    Symptoms and Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders

  • dissection of

  • Aortic Dissection
    Understanding Aortic DissectionFigures

  • eye

  • Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels
    Retinal Disorders
    Viewing the RetinaFigures
    Blockage of Central Retinal Arteries and Veins

  • fistula of

  • Arteriovenous Fistula

  • imaging of (angiography)

  • Angiography
    Common Types of Angiography Tables

  • inflammation of (vasculitis)

  • Vasculitic Disorders
    Some Disorders Characterized by VasculitisTables
    Biopsy of the Temporal ArteryFigures

  • kidney

  • Kidneys
    Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
    Kidney's Blood SupplyFigures

  • liver

  • View of the Liver and GallbladderFigures
    Liver: Blood Supply of the Liver
    Blood Vessel Disorders of the Liver
    Blood Supply of the LiverFigures

  • phlebitis of

  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    Superficial Thrombophlebitis

  • in pseudoxanthoma elasticum

  • Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

  • skin

  • Getting Under the SkinFigures
    Structure and Function: Dermis
    Growths and Malformations of the Vessels

  • spinal blockage of

  • Blockage of the Spinal Cord's Blood Supply

  • thrombosis of

  • see also Blood clots
    Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

  • varicose

  • see Varicose veins

    Bloody show

    Labor: Start of Labor

    Blount disease

    Common Foot, Knee, and Leg Conditions in Infants and Young ChildrenSidebar

    Blowout fracture

    Fractures of the Orbit

    B lymphocytes

    Components of Blood: White Blood Cells
    Understanding the Immune SystemSidebar
    Biology of the Immune System: Recognition
    Acquired Immunity: B Cells

  • high levels of (leukocytosis)

  • Lymphocytic Leukocytosis

  • leukemia of

  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  • low levels of (lymphocytopenia)

  • Lymphocytopenia

  • in phagocytosis

  • Strategies for AttackSidebar

  • in X-linked agammaglobulinemia

  • X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

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