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Pronunciations acetaminophen amitriptyline computed tomography idiopathic opioids oxycodone temporomandibular joint

A tension-type headache is usually mild to moderate pain that feels like a band tightening around the head.

• Pain in other parts of the head and neck may trigger these headaches.
• Headaches may occur several or many days each month.
• Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms and results of a physical examination, but sometimes imaging tests are done to rule out other disorders.
• Pain relievers and some drugs used to treat migraines may help, as may relaxation and stress management.

Many people occasionally have tension-type headaches. The cause is not well understood but may be related to a lower-than-normal threshold for pain. Stress may be involved. However, how stress is involved is not clearly understood, and it is not the only explanation for the symptoms. Other problems may contribute to or trigger the headaches. For example, sleep disturbances, a problem with the joint of the jaw (temporomandibular joint disorder), neck pain, or eyestrain may trigger a tension-type headache.

Symptoms

Tension-type headaches feel like tightening of a band around the head, making the whole head ache. These headaches may be episodic or chronic.

Episodic headaches occur fewer than 15 days a month. The pain is usually mild to moderate. It may last 30 minutes to several days. These headaches typically start several hours after waking and worsen as the day progresses. They rarely awaken people from sleep.

Chronic headaches occur more than 15 days a month. Severity tends to increase as more headaches occur. The pain may vary in intensity throughout the day but is almost always present.

Unlike migraine headaches, tension-type headaches are not accompanied by nausea and vomiting and are not made worse by physical activity, light, sounds, or smells.

Some mild migraines resemble tension-type headaches.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on the person's description of the headache and the results of a physical examination. Doctors ask the person about problems that may trigger the headaches.

No specific procedures can confirm the diagnosis. Sometimes computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head is done to rule out other disorders that may be causing the headache, particularly if headaches have developed recently.

Treatment

For most mild to moderate tension-type headaches, almost any over-the-counter pain reliever (analgesic), such as aspirin Some Trade Names
ECOTRIN
ASPERGUM
, acetaminophen Some Trade Names
TYLENOL
, or ibuprofen Some Trade Names
ADVIL
MOTRIN
NUPRIN
(see Over-the-Counter Drugs and Pain: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) can provide relief. Massaging the affected area may help relieve the pain. Most people with mild to moderate episodic headaches do not go to a health care practitioner.

Severe headaches may require stronger, prescription analgesics. Some contain opioids (narcotics), such as codeine or oxycodone Some Trade Names
OXYCONTIN
(see Opioid Analgesics).

For some people, caffeine, an ingredient of some headache preparations, enhances the effect of analgesics. However, overuse of analgesics, caffeine (in headache preparations or caffeinated beverages), or opioids can lead to daily headaches. Such headaches, called medication overuse headaches, begin or worsen when these drugs are suddenly stopped.

If tension-type headaches are chronic, some drugs used to prevent migraine, particularly amitriptyline Some Trade Names
ELAVIL
ENDEP
(a tricyclic antidepressant), can help.

Behavioral and psychologic interventions, such as relaxation and stress management techniques, may help.

Last full review/revision April 2008 by Stephen D. Silberstein, MD