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Pronunciations actinomycosis bejel Campylobacter cephalosporins cholera Clostridium difficile coccal colitis computed tomography empyema Klebsiella leptospirosis listeriosis meningococcal pneumococcal pneumonia Pseudomonas salmonella Serratia shigellosis tularemia ultrasonography

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia are closely related gram-negative bacteria that occasionally infect people in hospitals or in long-term care facilities.

• These bacteria may infect the urinary or respiratory tract, intravenous catheters used to give drugs or fluids, burns, wounds made during surgery, or the bloodstream.
• Identifying the bacteria in a sample taken from infected tissue confirms the diagnosis.
• If the infection is acquired in the community, antibiotics can cure it, but if it is acquired in a health care facility, it is difficult to treat because bacteria tend to be resistant.

Klebsiella bacteria reside in the intestine of up to one third of healthy people. Enterobacter and Serratia bacteria usually reside outside the body, often in hospitals and long-term care facilities. People in such places can become infected.

These bacteria may infect different areas:

• Urinary or respiratory tract
• Catheters inserted into a vein (intravenous catheter), used to administer drugs or fluids
• Burns
• Wounds made during surgery
• Bloodstream

Rarely, Klebsiella bacteria cause pneumonia in people who live outside a health care facility (in the community), usually in alcoholics, older people, people with diabetes, or people with a weakened immune system. Typically, this severe infection causes cough, bringing up a sticky, dark brown or dark red sputum, and collections of pus (abscesses) in the lung or in the membrane between the lungs and chest wall (empyema).

One species of Klebsiella can cause antibiotic-associated colitis (inflammation of the colon). However, antibiotic-associated colitis usually results from toxins produced by Clostridium difficile bacteria that normally reside in the intestine but multiply and cause problems after antibiotics are taken.

Diagnosis

Doctors suspect one of these infections in people at high risk of getting one (such as people who live a long-term care facility or in a place when there was an outbreak). To confirm the diagnosis, doctors take a sample of sputum, lung secretions (obtained through a bronchoscope), blood, urine, or infected tissue. The sample is stained with Gram stain, cultured, and examined under a microscope. These bacteria can be readily identified.

Other tests depend on the type of infection. They may include imaging tests, such as ultrasonography, x-rays, and computed tomography (CT).

Bacteria identified in samples are tested to determine which antibiotics are likely to be effective (a process called susceptibility testing).

Treatment

If Klebsiella pneumonia is acquired in the community, antibiotics, usually a cephalosporin (such as ceftriaxone Some Trade Names
ROCEPHIN
) or fluoroquinolone (such as levofloxacin Some Trade Names
LEVAQUINQUIXIN
), given intravenously, can cure it.

If an infection with any of these three bacteria is acquired in a health care facility, the infection is difficult to treat because bacteria acquired in such facilities are usually resistant to many antibiotics.

Last full review/revision September 2008 by Matthew E. Levison, MD