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Pronunciations amblyopia chloramphenicol dialysis digoxin dimercaprol edema ethambutol hemodialysis ischemic isoniazid neuritis neuropathy papilledema toxic amblyopia

Toxic amblyopia (nutritional amblyopia) is damage to the optic nerve caused by undernutrition or by exposure to a substance that is harmful to the optic nerve, such as lead, wood alcohol, antifreeze, or certain drugs.

• A nutritional deficiency or toxic substance is often the cause of this disorder.
• Vision usually deteriorates gradually.
• People should avoid further exposure to toxic substances or take nutritional supplements.

Causes

Toxic amblyopia may be caused by a nutritional deficiency (sometimes called nutritional amblyopia), especially of vitamin B₁₂. Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to nutritional amblyopia. The actual cause is probably undernutrition rather than a toxic effect of alcohol. Rarely, toxic amblyopia is caused by drugs (such as chloramphenicol Some Trade Names
CHLOROMYCETIN
, isoniazid Some Trade Names
INH
NYDRAZID
, ethambutol Some Trade Names
MYAMBUTOL
, and digoxin Some Trade Names
LANOXIN
) or toxins such as lead, ethylene glycol (antifreeze), or methanol (wood alcohol or methyl alcohol).

Symptoms

Vision deteriorates over days to weeks. A blind spot may develop and gradually enlarge. It may not be noticed at first. If the disorder is caused by exposure to a toxin or to a nutritional deficiency, both eyes are usually affected. Ethylene glycol and particularly methanol poisoning can cause sudden, complete loss of vision. Both can cause other serious symptoms such as coma, difficulty breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Did You Know... Drinking antifreeze or wood alcohol can cause sudden and complete vision loss.

Diagnosis

Determining the cause involves obtaining a careful history of possible exposures to toxic substances. Sometimes testing for toxins or for vitamin deficiency is done.

Treatment

People should avoid alcohol and other chemicals or drugs that may be toxic. If alcohol use or undernutrition is a cause, the person should eat a well-balanced diet and take vitamin supplements that include folate (folic acid) and B vitamins. However, if the cause is mainly vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, treatment with dietary supplements alone is not enough. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is typically treated with injections of vitamin B₁₂. If lead is the cause, chelating drugs (such as succimer Some Trade Names
CHEMET
or dimercaprol Some Trade Names
BAL
) help remove it from the body. If ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning is the cause, rapid treatment with hemodialysis (see Dialysis: Hemodialysis) and the drug fomepizole may help.

With treatment, most people recover some of the lost vision.

Last full review/revision July 2008 by James Garrity, MD