|
This information has been developed and provided by an independent third-party source. Merck & Co., Inc. does not endorse and is not responsible for the accuracy of the content, or for practices or
standards of non-Merck sources.
Special Alerts
Tumor Necrosis Factor: Alpha Blockers Associated with Unrecognized Invasive Fungal Infections - September 4, 2008
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is alerting healthcare professionals of an increased risk for opportunistic fungal infections in patients treated with antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents adalimumab (Humira®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®), etanercept (Enbrel®), and infliximab (Remicade®). The FDA has received reports of pulmonary and disseminated cases of histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and other fungal infections associated with use of these agents. In some cases, the symptoms of fungal infection (eg, fever, cough, malaise, dyspnea, fatigue) were unrecognized and precluded prompt antifungal treatment, resulting in 12 deaths. In response, the FDA is requiring manufacturers of these agents to strengthen the boxed warning statement in the labeling to further emphasize the risk of invasive fungal infection. Patients should be monitored closely for signs and symptoms suggestive of fungal infection, evidence of which should result in prompt discontinuation of the medication and appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Symptomatic patients should be questioned about their residence in or travel from areas of endemic mycoses, which should prompt consideration of empiric antifungal therapy.
Additional information can be found at: http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2008/safety08.htm#TNF2
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Blockers and Malignancy Risk - June 5, 2008
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Early Communication to healthcare professionals regarding a possible association between TNF blocker (adalimumab, certolizumb pegol, etanercept, and infliximab) use and the development of malignancies in children and young adults. Over the last 10 years, the FDA has received ~30 reports of cancer in children or young adults who had been treated with TNF blockers prior to the age of 18 years. TNF blockers were given for the treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA [formerly termed Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]), Crohn's disease, or other indications in combination with other immunosuppressive medications (eg, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate). Approximately half of the reported cancers were lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), which are cancers involving the cells of the immune system.
TNF blockers work by suppressing the immune system. The prescribing information for each TNF blocker contains warnings regarding the possible association of malignancy development with use. Malignancies may not be detected in short-term studies; long-term studies are necessary to identify the impact of TNF blocker therapy on malignancy development. The manufacturers of the four TNF blockers available in the U.S. are being asked by the FDA to provide information regarding all cases of cancer reported in children taking TNF blockers. The FDA is expected to report its findings in approximately 6 months, after completing a safety review and evaluation.
Additional information is available at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2008/safety08.htm#TNF
ALERT: U.S. Boxed Warning
The FDA-approved labeling includes a boxed warning. See Warnings/Precautions section and/or refer to product labeling for additional detail.
Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:
Humira® may be confused with Humulin®, Humalog®
Humira® Pen may be confused with HumaPen® Memoir®
Pronunciation
(a da LIM yoo mab)
U.S. Brand Names
Index Terms
Generic Available
No
Canadian Brand Names
Pharmacologic Category
Pharmacologic Category Synonyms
Use: Labeled Indications
Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (moderate-to-severe) and active psoriatic arthritis; may be used alone or in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs); treatment of ankylosing spondylitis
Treatment of moderately- to severely-active Crohn's disease in patients with inadequate response to conventional treatment, or patients who have lost response to or are intolerant of infliximab
Treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis
Treatment of moderately- to severely-active juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Restrictions
An FDA-approved medication guide must be distributed when dispensing an outpatient prescription (new or refill) where this medication is to be used without direct supervision of a healthcare provider. Medication guides are available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/Offices/ODS/medication_guides.htm.
Pregnancy Risk Factor
B
Pregnancy Considerations
Teratogenic effects were not observed in animal studies, however, there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use during pregnancy only if clearly needed. A pregnancy registry has been established to monitor outcomes of women exposed to adalimumab during pregnancy (877-311-8972).
Lactation
Excretion in breast milk unknown/not recommended
Breast-Feeding Considerations
It is not known whether adalimumab is secreted in human milk. Because many immunoglobulins are secreted in milk and the potential for serious adverse reactions exists, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Contraindications
There are no contraindications listed within the FDA-approved labeling.
Canada labeling: Additional contraindications (not in U.S. labeling): Hypersensitivity to adalimumab or any component of the formulation; severe infection (eg, sepsis, tuberculosis, opportunistic infection)
Warnings/Precautions
Boxed warnings:
• Fatal infections: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
• Tuberculosis evaluation: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions: May rarely cause hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reactions, or angioedema; medications for the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions should be available for immediate use.
• Autoimmune disorder: Positive antinuclear antibody titers have been detected in patients (with negative baselines). Rare cases of autoimmune disorder, including lupus-like syndrome, have been reported; monitor and discontinue if symptoms develop.
• Fatal infections: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Serious and potentially fatal infections (including tuberculosis, invasive fungal and other opportunistic infections) have been reported in patients receiving TNF-blocking agents, including adalimumab. Cases of unrecognized invasive fungal infections (eg, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis) have also been reported with anti-TNF agent use. Many of the serious infections have occurred in patients on concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. Other opportunistic infections included Aspergillus and Nocardia. Caution should be exercised when considering the use in patients with chronic infection, history of recurrent infection, or predisposition to infection (eg, diabetes or residence/travel from areas of endemic mycoses). Do not give to patients with an active chronic or localized infection. Patients who develop a new infection while undergoing treatment should be monitored closely. If a patient develops a serious infection, therapy should be discontinued.
• Hepatitis B: Rare reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has occurred in chronic virus carriers; evaluate prior to initiation, during, and for several months after treatment. Evaluate patients at risk for HBV infection prior to therapy to determine HBV status.
• Malignancy: Use may affect defenses against malignancies; impact on the development and course of malignancies is not fully defined. A higher incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers was noted in adalimumab-treated patients (0.9/100 patient years), when compared to the control group (0.3/100 patient years). As compared to the general population, an increased risk of lymphoma has been noted in clinical trials; however, rheumatoid arthritis has been previously associated with an increased rate of lymphoma.
• Pancytopenia: Rare cases of pancytopenia (including aplastic anemia) have been reported with TNF-blocking agents; with significant hematologic abnormalities, consider discontinuing therapy.
• Tuberculosis evaluation: Tuberculosis (disseminated or extrapulmonary) has been reactivated while on adalimumab; most cases have been reported within the first 8 months of treatment. Doses higher than recommended are associated with an increased risk for tuberculosis reactivation. [U.S. Boxed Warnings]: Patients should be evaluated for latent tuberculosis infection with a tuberculin skin test prior to therapy. Treatment of latent tuberculosis should be initiated before use. Patients with initial negative tuberculin skin tests should receive continued monitoring for tuberculosis throughout treatment; active tuberculosis has developed in this population during treatment. Use with caution in patients who have resided in regions where tuberculosis is endemic
Disease-related concerns:
• Demyelinating CNS disease: Use with caution in patients with pre-existing or recent onset CNS demyelinating disorders; rare cases of optic neuritis and demyelinating disease (new onset or exacerbation) have been reported.
• Heart failure (HF): Use with caution in patients with HF or decreased left ventricular function; worsening and new-onset HF has been reported.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Latex: The packaging (needle cover of prefilled syringe) may contain latex.
• Polysorbate 80: Product may contain polysorbate 80.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Immunizations: Patients should be brought up to date with all immunizations before initiating therapy; live vaccines should not be given concurrently. There is no data available concerning the effects of therapy on vaccination or secondary transmission of live vaccines in patients receiving therapy.
Adverse Reactions
>10%:
Central nervous system: Headache (12%)
Dermatologic: Rash (6% to 12%)
Local: Injection site reaction (12% to 20%; includes erythema, itching, hemorrhage, pain, swelling)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: CPK increased (15%)
Respiratory: Upper respiratory tract infection (17%), sinusitis (11%)
Miscellaneous: Antibodies to adalimumab (3% to 26%; significance unknown), positive ANA (12%)
5% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Hypertension (5%)
Endocrine & metabolic: Hyperlipidemia (7%), hypercholesterolemia (6%)
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (9%), abdominal pain (7%)
Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (8%)
Hepatic: Alkaline phosphatase increased (5%)
Local: Injection site reaction (8%; other than erythema, itching, hemorrhage, pain, swelling)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Back pain (6%)
Renal: Hematuria (5%)
Miscellaneous: Accidental injury (10%), flu-like syndrome (7%)
<5%:
Cardiovascular: Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, chest pain, CHF, coronary artery disorder, heart arrest, MI, palpitation, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, peripheral edema, syncope, tachycardia, thrombosis (leg), vascular disorder
Central nervous system: Confusion, fever, hypertensive encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, subdural hematoma
Dermatologic: Cellulitis, erysipelas
Endocrine & metabolic: Dehydration, menstrual disorder, parathyroid disorder
Gastrointestinal: Diverticulitis, esophagitis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, vomiting
Genitourinary: Cystitis, pelvic pain
Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, paraproteinemia, polycythemia
Hepatic: Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatic necrosis
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, arthritis, bone fracture, bone necrosis, joint disorder, muscle cramps, myasthenia, pain in extremity, paresthesia, pyogenic arthritis, synovitis, tendon disorder, tremor
Ocular: Cataract
Renal: Kidney calculus, pyelonephritis
Respiratory: Asthma, bronchospasm, dyspnea, lung function decreased, pleural effusion, pneumonia
Miscellaneous: Adenoma, allergic reactions (1%), carcinoma (including breast, gastrointestinal, skin, urogenital), healing abnormality, herpes zoster, ketosis, lupus erythematosus syndrome, lymphoma, melanoma, postsurgical infection, sepsis, tuberculosis (reactivation of latent infection; miliary, lymphatic, peritoneal and pulmonary)
Postmarketing and/or case reports: Anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylaxis, angioneurotic edema, aplastic anemia, cutaneous vasculitis, cytopenia, erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruption, Guillain-Barré syndrome, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal), interstitial lung disease (eg, pulmonary fibrosis), intestinal perforation, septic arthritis, thrombocytopenia, transaminases increased, urticaria
Drug Interactions
Abatacept: Anti-TNF Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Abatacept. An increased risk of serious infection during concomitant use has been reported. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Abciximab: May enhance the potential for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to Monoclonal Antibodies. Also may cause thrombocytopenia or diminished therapeutic effects. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anakinra: Anti-TNF Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anakinra. An increased risk of serious infection during concomitant use has been reported. Risk X: Avoid combination
Echinacea: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Immunosuppressants. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Natalizumab: Immunosuppressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Natalizumab. Specifically, the risk of concurrent infection may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination
Rilonacept: Anti-TNF Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Rilonacept. Risk X: Avoid combination
Trastuzumab: May enhance the neutropenic effect of Immunosuppressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vaccines (Inactivated): Immunosuppressants may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Inactivated). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vaccines (Live): Immunosuppressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vaccines (Live). Vaccinal infections may develop. Immunosuppressants may also decrease therapeutic response to vaccines. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ethanol/Nutrition/Herb Interactions
Herb/nutraceutical: Echinacea may decrease the therapeutic effects of adalimumab; avoid concurrent use.
Storage
Store under refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not freeze. Protect from light.
Mechanism of Action
Adalimumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody that binds to human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), thereby interfering with binding to TNF? receptor sites and subsequent cytokine-driven inflammatory processes. Elevated TNF levels in the synovial fluid are involved in the pathologic pain and joint destruction in immune-mediated arthritis. Adalimumab decreases signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It inhibits progression of structural damage of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. Reduces signs and symptoms and maintains clinical remission in Crohn's disease; reduces epidermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration in plaque psoriasis.
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Distribution: Vd: 4.7-6 L; Synovial fluid concentrations: 31% to 96% of serum
Bioavailability: Absolute: 64%
Half-life elimination: Terminal: ~2 weeks (range 10-20 days)
Time to peak, serum: SubQ: 131 ± 56 hours
Excretion: Clearance increased in the presence of antiadalimumab antibodies; decreased in patients 40 years and older
Dosage
SubQ:
Children ?4 years: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis:
15 kg to <30 kg: 20 mg every other week
?30 kg: 40 mg every other week
Adults:
Rheumatoid arthritis: 40 mg every other week; may be administered with other DMARDs; patients not taking methotrexate may increase dose to 40 mg every week
Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis: 40 mg every other week
Crohn's disease: Initial: 160 mg given as 4 injections on day 1 or over 2 days, then 80 mg 2 weeks later (day 15); Maintenance: 40 mg every other week beginning day 29
Plaque psoriasis: Initial: 80 mg as a single dose; maintenance: 40 mg every other week beginning 1 week after initial dose
Administration: Other
For SubQ injection; rotate injection sites. Do not use if solution is discolored. Do not administer to skin which is red, tender, bruised, or hard; rotate injection sites. Needle cap of the prefilled syringe may contain latex.
Monitoring Parameters
Place and read PPD before initiation. Monitor improvement of symptoms and physical function assessments; CBC; signs of infection, bleeding or bruising.
Patient Education
Inform prescriber of all prescriptions, OTC medications, or herbal products you are taking, allergies, history of tuberculosis, or any kind of infection you have. Do not take any new medication during therapy without consulting prescriber. If self-administered, follow directions for injection and needle/syringe disposal exactly. You may be more susceptible to infection. Do not have any vaccinations while using this medication without consulting prescriber first. May cause headache or dizziness (use caution when driving or engaged in potentially hazardous tasks); if persistent, consult prescriber for approved analgesic. Report persistent fever, increased bruising or bleeding, respiratory tract infection, unhealed or infected wounds, urinary tract infection, flu-like symptoms, unexplained weight loss, persistent cough, or unusual bump or sore that does not heal. Stop drug and report immediately persistent nausea, abdominal pain; numbness or tingling; problems with vision; weakness in legs; chest pains, respiratory difficulty; sudden weight gain of >3-5 pounds/week; swelling of extremeties; joint pain; skin rash; redness, swelling, or pain at injection site. Breast-feeding precaution: Breast-feeding is not recommended.
Dental Health: Effects on Dental Treatment
No significant effects or complications reported
Dental Health: Vasoconstrictor/Local Anesthetic Precautions
No information available to require special precautions
Mental Health: Effects on Mental Status
May cause confusion; may exacerbate pre-existing or recent-onset demyelinating CNS disorder
Mental Health: Effects on Psychiatric Treatment
Rare reports of pancytopenia, including aplastic anemia, have been reported with TNF-?-blocking agents. Medically-significant thrombocytopenia and leukopenia have been infrequently reported; use with caution in patients receiving clozapine, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and mirtazapine.
Nursing: Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Perform tuberculin skin test prior to initiating therapy. Monitor for signs of tuberculosis throughout therapy. Do not initiate therapy if active infection (underlying chronic or localized infection) is occurring. Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection. Assess for liver dysfunction. Assess potential for interactions with other prescriptions, OTC medications, and herbal products patient may be taking. Assess results of laboratory tests (PDD), therapeutic effectiveness, and adverse response at regular intervals during treatment. Teach patient proper use if self-injected (appropriate injection technique and syringe/needle disposal), possible side effects/appropriate interventions, and adverse symptoms to report. Latex-sensitive patients: Needle cap of prefilled syringe contains latex.
Dosage Forms
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Injection, solution [pediatric; preservative free]:
Humira®: 20 mg/0.4 mL (0.4 mL) [contains polysorbate 80]
Injection, solution [preservative free]:
Humira®: 40 mg/0.8 mL (0.8 mL) [contains polysorbate 80]
Pricing: U.S. (www.drugstore.com)
Kit (Humira)
40 mg/0.8 mL (2): $1559.26
Kit (Humira Pen)
40 mg/0.8 mL (2): $1585.92
References
Gordon KB, Langley RG, Leonardi C, et al, “Clinical Response to Adalimumab Treatment in Patients With Moderate to Severe Psoriasis: Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial and Open-Label Extension Study,” J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006, 55(4):598-606.
Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JYT, et al, “Radiographic, Clinical, and Functional Outcomes of Treatment With Adalimumab (A Human Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Monoclonal Antibody) in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Concomitant Methotrexate Therapy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 52-Week Trial,” Arthritis Rheum, 2004, 50(5):1400-11.
Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, et al, "Adalimumab Induction Therapy for Crohn Disease Previously Treated With Infliximab: A Randomized Trial.," Ann Intern Med, 2007, 146(12):829-38.
van der Heijde D, Kivitz A, Schiff MH, et al, “Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 54(7):2136-46.
International Brand Names
Lexi-Comp.com
Last full review/revision September 2008
Content last modified September 2008
| 
