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ALERT: U.S. Boxed Warning
The FDA-approved labeling includes a boxed warning. See Warnings/Precautions section for a concise summary of this information. For verbatim wording of the boxed warning, consult the product labeling or www.fda.gov.
Pronunciation
(mel OKS i kam)
U.S. Brand Names
Generic Available
Yes: Tablet
Canadian Brand Names
Pharmacologic Category
Use: Labeled Indications
Relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
Pregnancy Risk Factor
C/D (3rd trimester)
Pregnancy Considerations
May cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.
Lactation
Excretion in breast milk unknown/not recommended
Breast-Feeding Considerations
It is not known whether meloxicam is excreted in human milk. Due to a potential for serious adverse reactions, the manufacturer recommends that a decision be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity (eg, asthma, urticaria, allergic-type reactions) to meloxicam, aspirin, other NSAIDs, or any component of the formulation; perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
Warnings/Precautions
Boxed warnings:
• Cardiovascular events: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
• Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: See “Disease-related concerns” below.
• Gastrointestinal events: See “Concerns related to adverse effects” below.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anaphylactoid reactions: Even in patients without prior exposure anaphylactoid reactions may occur; patients with "aspirin triad" (bronchial asthma, aspirin intolerance, rhinitis) may be at increased risk. Do not use in patients who experience bronchospasm, asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria with NSAID or aspirin therapy.
• Bleeding/hemostasis: Platelet adhesion and aggregation may be decreased; may prolong bleeding time; patients with coagulation disorders or who are receiving anticoagulants should be monitored closely. Anemia may occur; patients on long-term NSAID therapy should be monitored for anemia.
• Cardiovascular events: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular thrombotic events, including MI and stroke. Risk may be increased with duration of use or pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors or disease. Carefully evaluate individual cardiovascular risk profiles prior to prescribing. Use caution with fluid retention. Avoid use in heart failure. Concurrent administration of ibuprofen, and potentially other nonselective NSAIDs, may interfere with aspirin's cardioprotective effect. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration of time, consistent with individual patient goals, to reduce risk of cardiovascular events; alternate therapies should be considered for patients at high risk.
• Gastrointestinal events: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: NSAIDs may increase risk of gastrointestinal irritation, inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, and perforation. These events may occur at any time during therapy and without warning. Use caution with a history of GI disease (bleeding or ulcers), concurrent therapy with aspirin, anticoagulants and/or corticosteroids, smoking, use of alcohol, the elderly or debilitated patients. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration of time, consistent with individual patient goals, to reduce risk of GI adverse events; alternate therapies should be considered for patients at high risk. When used concomitantly with ?325 mg of aspirin, a substantial increase in the risk of gastrointestinal complications (eg, ulcer) occurs; concomitant gastroprotective therapy (eg, proton pump inhibitors) is recommended (Bhatt, 2008).
• Skin reactions: NSAIDs may cause serious skin adverse events including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN); discontinue use at first sign of skin rash or hypersensitivity.
Disease-related concerns:
• Asthma: Do not administer to patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma; severe bronchospasm may occur. Use caution in patients with other forms of asthma.
• Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Use is contraindicated for treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Risk of MI and stroke may be increased with use following CABG surgery.
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with decreased hepatic function. Closely monitor patients with any abnormal LFT. Severe hepatic reactions (eg, fulminant hepatitis, liver failure) have occurred with NSAID use, rarely; discontinue if signs or symptoms of liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur.
• Hypertension: Use with caution; may cause new-onset hypertension or worsening of existing hypertension.
• Renal impairment: NSAID use may compromise existing renal function; dose-dependent decreases in prostaglandin synthesis may result from NSAID use, reducing renal blood flow which may cause renal decompensation. Patients with impaired renal function, dehydration, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics, and ACE inhibitors, and the elderly are at greater risk of renal toxicity. Rehydrate patient before starting therapy; monitor renal function closely. Not recommended for use in patients with advanced renal disease. Long-term NSAID use may result in renal papillary necrosis.
Special populations:
• Elderly: The elderly are at increased risk for adverse effects (especially peptic ulceration, CNS effects, renal toxicity) from NSAIDs even at low doses.
• Pediatrics: Safety and efficacy have not been established in children <2 years of age.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Surgical/dental procedures: Withhold for at least 4-6 half-lives prior to surgical or dental procedures.
Adverse Reactions
Percentages reported in adult patients; abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, headache, pyrexia, and vomiting were reported more commonly in pediatric patients
2% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Edema (?5%)
Central nervous system: Headache (2% to 8%), pain (1% to 5%), dizziness (?4%), insomnia (?4%)
Dermatologic: Pruritus (?2%), rash (?3%)
Gastrointestinal: Dyspepsia (4% to 10%), diarrhea (2% to 8%), nausea (2% to 7%), abdominal pain (2% to 5%), constipation (?3%), flatulence (?3%), vomiting (?3%)
Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (?7%), micturition (?2%)
Hematologic: Anemia (?4%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (?5%), back pain (?3%)
Respiratory: Upper respiratory infection (?8%), cough (?2%), pharyngitis (?3%)
Miscellaneous: Flu-like syndrome (2% to 6%), falls (?3%)
<2%: Abnormal dreams, abnormal vision, albuminuria, allergic reaction, alopecia, angina, angioedema, anxiety, appetite increased, arrhythmia, asthma, bilirubinemia, bronchospasm, bullous eruption, BUN increased, cardiac failure, colitis, confusion, conjunctivitis, creatinine increased, dehydration, depression, diaphoresis, duodenal perforation, duodenal ulcer, dyspnea, edema (facial), eructation, esophagitis, fatigue, fever, gastric perforation, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, GGT increased, hematemesis, hematuria, hepatitis, hot flushes, hyper-/hypotension, intestinal perforation, leukopenia, malaise, melena, MI, nervousness, palpitation, pancreatitis, paresthesia, photosensitivity reaction, pruritus, purpura, renal failure, seizure, somnolence, syncope, tachycardia, taste perversion, thrombocytopenia, tinnitus, transaminases increased, tremor, ulcerative stomatitis, urticaria, vasculitis, vertigo, xerostomia, weight gain/loss
Postmarketing and/or case reports: Agranulocytosis, anaphylactoid reactions, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, hepatic failure, interstitial nephritis, jaundice, mood alterations, shock, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urinary retention (acute)
Metabolism/Transport Effects
Substrate (minor) of CYP2C9, 3A4; Inhibits CYP2C9 (weak)
Drug Interactions
ACE Inhibitors: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Aminoglycosides: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may decrease the excretion of Aminoglycosides. Data only in premature infants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. The combination of these two agents may also significantly decrease glomerular filtration and renal function. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticoagulants: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Anticoagulants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticoagulants: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Anticoagulants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antidepressants (Tricyclic, Tertiary Amine): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of NSAID (Nonselective). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antiplatelet Agents: May enhance the anticoagulant effect of other Antiplatelet Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antiplatelet Agents: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antiplatelet Agents. An increased risk of bleeding may occur. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the cardioprotective effect of Antiplatelet Agents. This interaction is likely specific to aspirin, and not to other antiplatelet agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Beta-Blockers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers. Exceptions: Levobunolol; Metipranolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bile Acid Sequestrants: May decrease the absorption of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Bisphosphonate Derivatives: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Bisphosphonate Derivatives. Both an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and an increased risk of nephrotoxicity are of concern. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Corticosteroids (Systemic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAID (Nonselective). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CycloSPORINE: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of CycloSPORINE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dasatinib: May enhance the anticoagulant effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Desmopressin: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Desmopressin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Drotrecogin Alfa: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Drotrecogin Alfa. Bleeding may occur. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Eplerenone: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Eplerenone. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Eplerenone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Herbs (Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Properties) (eg, Alfalfa, Anise, Bilberry): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Bleeding may occur. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Herbs (Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Properties) (eg, Alfalfa, Anise, Bilberry): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Bleeding may occur. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
HydrALAZINE: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the antihypertensive effect of HydrALAZINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ibritumomab: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ibritumomab. Both agents may contribute to impaired platelet function and an increased risk of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ketorolac: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lithium: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may increase the serum concentration of Lithium. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Loop Diuretics: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the diuretic effect of Loop Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methotrexate: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may decrease the excretion of Methotrexate. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antiplatelet Agents. An increased risk of bleeding may occur. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the cardioprotective effect of Antiplatelet Agents. This interaction is likely specific to aspirin, and not to other antiplatelet agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Esters: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pemetrexed: NSAID (Nonselective) may increase the serum concentration of Pemetrexed. Management: Patients with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency (CrCl 45-79 mL/minute) may use ibuprofen with caution, but should avoid other NSAIDs for 2-5 days prior to, the day of, and 2 days after pemetrexed. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased by concurrent use of these agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Probenecid: May increase the serum concentration of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Antiplatelet Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Quinolone Antibiotics: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effect of Quinolone Antibiotics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Salicylates: NSAID (Nonselective) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Salicylates. An increased risk of bleeding may be associated with use of this combination. NSAID (Nonselective) may diminish the cardioprotective effect of Salicylates. Salicylates may decrease the serum concentration of NSAID (Nonselective). Exceptions: Choline Magnesium Trisalicylate. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Salicylates: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Salicylates. Increased risk of bleeding may result. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of NSAID (Nonselective). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of NSAID (Nonselective). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thiazide Diuretics: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Thiazide Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thrombolytic Agents: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Thrombolytic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thrombolytic Agents: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Thrombolytic Agents. An increased risk of bleeding may occur. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab: Antiplatelet Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab. Specifically, the risk of bleeding-related adverse events may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Treprostinil: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Bleeding may occur. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vancomycin: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents may decrease the excretion of Vancomycin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): NSAID (Nonselective) may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ethanol/Nutrition/Herb Interactions
Ethanol: Avoid ethanol (may enhance gastric mucosal irritation).
Herb/Nutraceutical: Avoid alfalfa, anise, bilberry, bladderwrack, bromelain, cat's claw, celery, chamomile, coleus, cordyceps, dong quai, evening primrose, fenugreek, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng (American, Panax, Siberian), grapeseed, green tea, guggul, horse chestnut seed, horseradish, licorice, prickly ash, red clover, reishi, SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine), sweet clover, turmeric, white willow (all have additional antiplatelet activity).
Storage
Store at 25°C (77°F). Protect tablets from moisture.
Mechanism of Action
Reversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2) enzymes, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors; has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties
Other proposed mechanisms not fully elucidated (and possibly contributing to the anti-inflammatory effect to varying degrees), include inhibiting chemotaxis, altering lymphocyte activity, inhibiting neutrophil aggregation/activation, and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine levels.
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Distribution: 10 L
Protein binding: ~99%, primarily to albumin
Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 (minor); forms 4 metabolites (inactive)
Bioavailability: 89%
Half-life elimination: Adults: 15-20 hours
Time to peak: Initial: 4-5 hours; Secondary: 12-14 hours
Excretion: Urine and feces (as inactive metabolites)
Dosage
Oral:
Children ?2 years: JRA: 0.125 mg/kg/day; maximum dose: 7.5 mg/day
Adults: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis: Initial: 7.5 mg once daily; some patients may receive additional benefit from increasing dose to 15 mg once daily; maximum dose: 15 mg/day
Elderly: Increased concentrations may occur in elderly patients (particularly in females); however, no specific dosage adjustment is recommended
Dosage adjustment in renal impairment:
Mild-to-moderate impairment: No specific dosage recommendations
Significant impairment (Clcr ?15 mL/minute): Patients with severe renal impairment have not been adequately studied; use not recommended.
Hemodialysis: Supplemental dose after dialysis not necessary.
Dosage adjustment in hepatic impairment:
Mild (Child-Pugh class A) to moderate (Child-Pugh class B) hepatic dysfunction: No dosage adjustment is necessary
Severe hepatic impairment: Patients with severe hepatic impairment have not been adequately studied
Monitoring Parameters
Periodic CBC, serum chemistries, liver function, renal function (serum BUN, and creatinine) with long-term use; signs and symptoms of bleeding
Dietary Considerations
Should be taken with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal irritation.
Patient Education
Take this medication exactly as directed; do not increase dose without consulting prescriber. Take with food or milk to reduce GI distress. Maintain adequate hydration unless instructed to restrict fluid intake. Avoid alcohol, excessive vitamin C intake, or salicylate-containing foods (eg, curry powder, prunes, raisins, tea, or licorice). Do not use aspirin or aspirin-containing medication, or any other anti-inflammatory medications without consulting prescriber. You may experience anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or heartburn (small frequent meals, frequent mouth care, sucking lozenges, or chewing gum may help); drowsiness, dizziness, nervousness, or headache (use caution when driving or engaging in tasks requiring alertness until response to drug is known); or fluid retention (weigh yourself weekly and report unusual [3-5 lb/week] weight gain). GI bleeding, ulceration, or perforation can occur with or without pain; discontinue medication and contact prescriber if persistent abdominal pain or cramping, or blood in stool occurs. Report breathlessness, respiratory difficulty, or unusual cough; chest pain, rapid heartbeat, palpitations; slurring of speech; unusual bruising/bleeding; blood in urine, stool, mouth, or vomitus; swollen extremities; skin blisters, rash, or itching; acute fatigue, jaundice, flu-like symptoms, hearing changes (ringing in ears); or other adverse reactions. Pregnancy/breast-feeding precautions: Inform prescriber if you are or intend to become pregnant. This drug should not be used in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Do not breast-feed.
Geriatric Considerations
Men ?65 years of age exhibited steady-state plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics similar to younger men. Elderly women (?65 years of age) had nearly a 50% greater AUC and 32% higher Cmax compared to younger women.
Anesthesia and Critical Care Concerns/Other Considerations
Clinical Pearls/Comments: The 2002 ACCM/SCCM guidelines for analgesia (critically-ill adult) suggest that NSAIDs may be used in combination with opioids in select patients for pain management. Concern about adverse events (increased risk of renal dysfunction, altered platelet function and gastrointestinal irritation) limits its use in patients who have other underlying risks for these events.
In short-term use, NSAIDs vary considerably in their effect on blood pressure. When NSAIDs are used in patients with hypertension, blood pressure needs to be monitored and the duration of therapy kept short. The use of NSAIDs in patients with heart failure may be associated with an increased risk for fluid accumulation and edema; may precipitate renal failure in dehydrated patients by inhibition of prostaglandin-mediated autoregulation. Use extreme caution or avoid concurrent use with nephrotoxic agents.
Cardiovascular Considerations
Blood Pressure: In short-term use, NSAIDs vary considerably in their effect on blood pressure. A meta-analysis (Pope, 1993) showed that indomethacin and naproxen had the largest effect on blood pressure. Other NSAIDs, including piroxicam, ibuprofen, and sulindac had less of an effect. Ibuprofen combined with captopril or losartan may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibition or receptor blockade on sitting or 24-hour ambulatory diastolic blood pressure. When NSAIDs are used in patients with hypertension, appropriate monitoring of blood pressure responses should be completed and the duration of therapy, when possible, kept short.
Heart Failure: The use of NSAIDs in the treatment of patients with heart failure may be associated with an increased risk for fluid accumulation and edema. One study showed that NSAID use in elderly patients had an increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure. This study gives compelling reasons to avoid or limit the use of NSAIDs in patients with heart failure, particularly in the elderly population. The ACC/AHA 2009 heart failure guidelines suggest that NSAIDs be avoided or withdrawn whenever possible in patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure and reduced LVEF.
Risk of Cardiovascular Events: Patients at increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events include patients immediately postoperative (10-14 days) from CABG surgery, and those with existing CAD, CVD, or history of TIA. Prescribers are encouraged to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration of time based on individual patient treatment goals. Available evidence reviewed by the FDA does not suggest an increased risk of serious CV events when NSAIDs are given short term and in the lower doses used OTC.
Drug Interactions: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including ibuprofen and naproxen, may diminish the cardioprotective effect of aspirin (Catella-Lawson F, 2001; Capone ML, 2005). It is surmised that ibuprofen may exhibit greater affinity than aspirin for the COX-1 site or if dosed regularly (or prior to aspirin), it would gain access to the active site first. In either case, aspirin's inhibition of COX (irreversible) would be limited in favor of ibuprofen inhibition (reversible). Avoid regular use of NSAIDs (nonselective) if possible. If used occasionally, take after aspirin (immediate release) ingestion.
Dental Health: Effects on Dental Treatment
Key adverse event(s) related to dental treatment: Taste perversion, ulcerative stomatitis, and xerostomia (normal salivary flow resumes upon discontinuation). The dentist should be aware of the potential of abnormal coagulation. Caution should also be exercised in the use of NSAIDs in patients already on anticoagulant therapy with drugs such as warfarin (Coumadin®). See Effects on Bleeding.
Dental Health: Vasoconstrictor/Local Anesthetic Precautions
No information available to require special precautions
Mental Health: Effects on Mental Status
May cause dizziness; may rarely cause abnormal dreams, anxiety, confusion, depression, nervousness, and somnolence
Mental Health: Effects on Psychiatric Treatment
Rare reports of agranulocytosis, use caution with clozapine and carbamazepine; lithium levels can be increased; avoid concurrent use if possible or monitor lithium levels and adjust dose. When NSAID is stopped, lithium will need adjustment again.
Nursing: Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Evaluate cardiac risk and potential for GI bleeding prior to prescribing this medication. Assess effectiveness and interactions of other medications patient may be taking. Monitor blood pressure at the beginning of therapy and periodically during use. Assess results of laboratory tests, therapeutic effectiveness, and adverse reactions at beginning of therapy and periodically throughout therapy. Assess knowledge/teach patient appropriate use, interventions to reduce side effects, and adverse symptoms to report.
Dosage Forms
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Suspension: 7.5 mg/5 mL (100 mL) [DSC]
Mobic®: 7.5 mg/5 mL (100 mL) [contains sodium benzoate; raspberry flavor]
Tablet: 7.5 mg, 15 mg
Mobic®: 7.5 mg, 15 mg
Pricing: U.S. (www.drugstore.com)
Suspension (Meloxicam)
7.5 mg/5 mL (100): $82.39
Tablets (Meloxicam)
7.5 mg (30): $15.99
15 mg (90): $16.98
Tablets (Mobic)
7.5 mg (30): $123.40
15 mg (30): $183.89
References
Bhatt DL, Scheiman J, Abraham NS, et al, “ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 Expert Consensus Document on Reducing the Gastrointestinal Risk of Antiplatelet Therapy and NSAID Use. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents,” J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 52(18):1502-17.
Capone ML, Sciulli MG, Tacconelli S, et al, “Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Naproxen With Low-Dose Aspirin in Healthy Subjects,” J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005, 45(8):1295-1301.
Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, et al, “Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors and the Antiplatelet Effects of Aspirin,” N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(25):1809-17.
Conlin P, Moore T, Swartz S, et al, “Effect of Indomethacin on Blood Pressure Lowering by Captopril and Losartan in Hypertensive Patients,” Hypertension, 2000, 36(3):461-5.
Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al, “2009 Focused Update Incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation,” J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 53(15):e1-e90.
Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al, “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Sustained Use of Sedatives and Analgesics in the Critically Ill Adult,” Crit Care Med, 2002, 30(1):119-41. Available at: http://www.sccm.org/pdf/sedatives.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2003.
Morgan TO, Anderson A, and Bertram D, “Effect of Indomethacin on Blood Pressure in Elderly People With Essential Hypertension Well Controlled on Amlodipine or Enalapril,” Am J Hypertens, 2000, 13(11):1161-7.
Page J and Henry D, “Consumption of NSAIDs and the Development of Congestive Heart Failure in Elderly Patients: An Underrecognized Public Health Problem,” Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(6):777-84.
Pope JE, Anderson JJ, and Felson DT, “A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Blood Pressure,” Arch Intern Med, 1993, 153(4):477-84.
International Brand Names
Lexi-Comp.com
Last full review/revision July 2009
Content last modified July 2009
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