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Overview of Gastroenteritis

By

Jonathan Gotfried

, MD, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Reviewed/Revised Jun 2023
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Topic Resources

Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications, and chemical toxins (eg, metals, plant substances). Acquisition may be foodborne, waterborne, person-to-person spread, or occasionally through zoonotic spread. In the United States, an estimated 1 in 6 people contracts foodborne illness each year. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis is clinical or by stool culture, although polymerase chain reaction testing and immunoassays are increasingly used. Treatment is supportive and directed at symptoms, but some parasitic and some bacterial infections require specific anti-infective therapy.

Most episodes of gastroenteritis are self-limited but cause uncomfortable symptoms. Electrolyte and fluid loss is usually little more than an inconvenience to an otherwise healthy adult but can be grave for people who are very young (see Dehydration in Children Dehydration in Children Dehydration is significant depletion of body water and, to varying degrees, electrolytes. Symptoms and signs include thirst, lethargy, dry mucosa, decreased urine output, and, as the degree... read more ), who are older, or who are immunocompromised or have serious concomitant illnesses.

Worldwide, an estimated 1.6 million people die each year of infectious gastroenteritis (2 General references Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications... read more ); although high, this number represents a significant decrease from previous mortality. Improvements in water sanitation in many parts of the world and the appropriate use of oral rehydration therapy Oral Rehydration Oral fluid therapy is effective, safe, convenient, and inexpensive compared with IV therapy. Oral fluid therapy is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization... read more for infants with diarrhea are likely responsible for this decrease.

General references

Etiology of Gastroenteritis

Infectious gastroenteritis may be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Many specific organisms are discussed further in the Infectious Diseases section.

Viral gastroenteritis

Viruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States, and most viral gastroenteritis is caused by

Most other viral gastroenteritis infections are caused by astrovirus or enteric adenovirus.

Astrovirus can infect people of all ages but usually infects infants and young children. In temperate climates, infection is most common in winter months, and in tropical regions, infection is more common in summer months. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. Incubation is 3 to 4 days.

Adenoviruses Adenovirus Infections Infection with one of the many adenoviruses may be asymptomatic or result in specific syndromes, including mild respiratory infections, keratoconjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, and primary... read more are the 4th most common cause of childhood viral gastroenteritis. Infections occur year-round, with a slight increase in summer. Children < 2 years of age are primarily affected. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route as well as by respiratory droplets. Incubation is 3 to 10 days.

Viruses infect enterocytes in the villous epithelium of the small bowel. The result is transudation of fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen; sometimes, unabsorbed carbohydrates resulting from malabsorption Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption is inadequate assimilation of dietary substances due to defects in digestion, absorption, or transport. Malabsorption can affect macronutrients (eg, proteins, carbohydrates, fats)... read more in the affected bowel subsequently worsen symptoms by causing osmotic diarrhea. Diarrhea is watery. Inflammatory diarrhea (dysentery), with fecal white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) or gross blood, is uncommon.

Bacterial gastroenteritis

The bacteria most commonly implicated are

Bacterial gastroenteritis is less common than viral. Bacteria cause gastroenteritis by several mechanisms.

Enterotoxins are produced by certain species (eg, Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) that adhere to intestinal mucosa without invading. These toxins impair intestinal absorption and cause secretion of electrolytes and water by stimulating adenylate cyclase, resulting in watery diarrhea. C. difficile Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. Pathogenic species produce... read more produces a similar toxin.

Mucosal invasion occurs with other bacteria (eg, Shigella Shigellosis Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, and diarrhea that is usually bloody... read more , Salmonella Overview of Salmonella Infections The genus Salmonella is divided into 2 species, S. enterica and S. bongori, which include > 2500 known serotypes. Some of these serotypes are named. In such cases, common... read more , Campylobacter Campylobacter and Related Infections Campylobacter infections typically cause self-limited diarrhea but occasionally cause bacteremia, with consequent endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or septic arthritis. Diagnosis is by culture... read more , C. difficile Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. Pathogenic species produce... read more , some E. coli Escherichia coli Infections The gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is the most numerous aerobic commensal inhabitant of the large intestine. Certain strains cause diarrhea, and all can cause infection when... read more subtypes) that invade the mucosa of the small bowel or colon and cause ulceration, bleeding, exudation of protein-rich fluid, and secretion of electrolytes and water. The invasive process and its results can occur whether or not the organism produces an enterotoxin. The resulting diarrhea has evidence of this invasion and inflammation with WBCs and RBCs present on microscopy and sometimes with gross blood.

Salmonella and Campylobacter are common bacterial causes of diarrheal illness in the United States. Both infections are most frequently acquired through undercooked poultry; unpasteurized milk is also a possible source. Campylobacter is occasionally transmitted from dogs or cats with diarrhea. Salmonella can be transmitted by consuming undercooked eggs and by contact with reptiles, birds, or amphibians.

Pearls & Pitfalls

  • C. difficile is now probably the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States.

Several other bacteria cause gastroenteritis, but most are uncommon in the United States. Yersinia enterocolitica Plague and Other Yersinia Infections Plague is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms are either severe pneumonia or large, tender lymphadenopathy with high fever, often progressing to septicemia... read more Plague and Other <i >Yersinia</i> Infections can cause gastroenteritis or a syndrome that mimics appendicitis because patients may have pain in the right lower quadrant. It is transmitted by undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, or contaminated water. Several Vibrio Noncholera Vibrio Infections Noncholera vibrios include the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, V. alginolyticus, V. hollisae, and V. vulnificus; they may cause... read more species (eg, V. parahaemolyticus) cause diarrhea after ingestion of undercooked seafood. V. cholerae Cholera Cholera is an acute infection of the small bowel by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which secretes a toxin that causes copious watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, oliguria... read more sometimes causes severe dehydrating diarrhea in regions where people lack access to clean drinking water and sanitary disposal of human waste and is a particular concern after natural disasters or in refugee camps. Listeria Listeriosis Listeriosis is bacteremia, meningitis, cerebritis, dermatitis, an oculoglandular syndrome, intrauterine and neonatal infections, or rarely endocarditis caused by Listeria species. Symptoms... read more can rarely cause foodborne gastroenteritis but more often causes bloodstream infection or meningitis in pregnant women, neonates (see Neonatal Listeriosis Neonatal Listeriosis Neonatal listeriosis is acquired transplacentally or during or after delivery. Symptoms are those of sepsis. Diagnosis is by culture or polymerase chain reaction testing of mother and infant... read more ), or older adults. Aeromonas is acquired from swimming in or drinking contaminated fresh or brackish water. Plesiomonas shigelloides can cause diarrhea in patients who have eaten raw shellfish or traveled to tropical low-resource regions.

Bacterial gastroenteritis references

  • 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Shigella—Shigellosis: Questions & Answers. Accessed May 12, 2023.

  • 2. Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, et al: Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin Infect Dis ciab549, 2021. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab549

Parasitic gastroenteritis

The parasites most commonly implicated in high-resource countries are

Certain intestinal parasites, notably Giardia intestinalis (G. lamblia), adhere to the intestinal mucosa, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and general malaise. Giardiasis occurs in every region of the United States and throughout the world. The infection can become chronic and may cause a malabsorption syndrome Overview of Malabsorption Malabsorption is inadequate assimilation of dietary substances due to defects in digestion, absorption, or transport. Malabsorption can affect macronutrients (eg, proteins, carbohydrates, fats)... read more . It is usually acquired via person-to-person transmission (often in day care centers) or from ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food.

Cryptosporidium parvum causes watery diarrhea and can sometimes be accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In healthy people, the illness is self-limited, lasting about 2 weeks. In patients with immunocompromise, illness may be severe and prolonged, causing substantial electrolyte and fluid loss. Cryptosporidium is usually acquired through contaminated water. It is not easily killed by chlorine and is the most common cause of recreational waterborne illness in the United States, accounting for about three fourths of outbreaks.

Symptoms and Signs of Gastroenteritis

The character and severity of symptoms of gastroenteritis vary.

Generally, onset is sudden, with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea (with or without blood and mucus). Malaise and myalgias may occur. The abdomen may be distended and mildly tender; in severe cases, muscle guarding may be present. Gas-distended intestinal loops may be palpable. Hyperactive bowel sounds are present on auscultation even without diarrhea (an important differential feature from paralytic ileus, in which bowel sounds are absent or decreased). Persistent vomiting and diarrhea can result in intravascular fluid depletion with hypotension and tachycardia. Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic shock Shock is a state of organ hypoperfusion with resultant cellular dysfunction and death. Mechanisms may involve decreased circulating volume, decreased cardiac output, and vasodilation, sometimes... read more with vascular collapse and oliguric renal failure may occur in severe cases.

Viral gastroenteritis

The hallmark of adenovirus gastroenteritis is diarrhea lasting 1 to 2 weeks. Affected infants and children may have mild vomiting that typically starts 1 to 2 days after the onset of diarrhea. Low-grade fever occurs in about 50% of patients. Respiratory symptoms may be present. Symptoms are generally mild but can last longer than with other viral causes of gastroenteritis.

Astrovirus causes a syndrome similar to mild rotavirus infection.

Cytomegalovirus can cause bloody diarrhea in patients with immunocompromise.

Bacterial gastroenteritis

Parasitic gastroenteritis

Parasitic infections typically cause subacute or chronic diarrhea. Most cause nonbloody diarrhea; an exception is E. histolytica, which causes amebic dysentery (see Amebiasis Amebiasis Amebiasis is infection with Entamoeba histolytica. It is acquired by fecal-oral transmission. Infection is commonly asymptomatic, but symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery... read more ). Fatigue and weight loss are common when diarrhea is persistent.

Diagnosis of Gastroenteritis

  • Clinical evaluation

  • Stool testing in select cases

Findings suggestive of gastroenteritis include the following:

  • Copious, watery diarrhea

  • Ingestion of potentially contaminated food (particularly during a known outbreak), untreated surface water, or a known gastrointestinal irritant

  • Recent travel

  • Contact with infected people or certain animals

Recent oral antibiotic use (within 3 months) must raise suspicion for C. difficile infection Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile–Induced Diarrhea Toxins produced by Clostridioides difficile strains in the gastrointestinal tract cause pseudomembranous colitis, typically after antibiotic use. Symptoms are diarrhea, sometimes bloody... read more . However, about one fourth of patients with community-associated C. difficile infection do not have a history of recent antibiotic use.

Stool testing

Stool testing is guided by clinical findings and the organisms that are suspected based on patient history and epidemiologic factors (eg, immunosuppression, exposure to a known outbreak, recent travel, recent antibiotic use). (See also the American College of Gastroenterology's 2016 clinical guideline for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults.) Cases are typically stratified into

  • Acute watery diarrhea

  • Subacute or chronic watery diarrhea

  • Acute inflammatory diarrhea

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction platforms that can identify causative organisms in each of these categories are being used more often (1 Diagnosis reference Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications... read more ). However, this testing is expensive, and because the categories are often distinguishable clinically or the disease courses are self-limiting, it is usually more cost-effective to test for specific microorganisms depending on the type and duration of diarrhea. In addition, polymerase chain reaction testing does not allow for antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Acute watery diarrhea is probably viral, and testing is not indicated unless the diarrhea persists. Although rotavirus and enteric adenovirus infections can be diagnosed using commercially available rapid assays that detect viral antigen in the stool, these assays are rarely indicated.

Acute inflammatory diarrhea with gross blood should also prompt testing specifically for E. coli O157:H7, as should nonbloody diarrhea during a known outbreak. Specific cultures must be requested because this organism is not detected on standard stool culture media. Alternatively, a rapid enzyme assay for the detection of Shiga toxin in stool can be done; a positive test indicates infection with E. coli O157:H7 or one of the other serotypes of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. (NOTE: Shigella species in the United States do not produce Shiga toxin.) However, a rapid enzyme assay is not as sensitive as culture. Polymerase chain reaction testing is used to detect Shiga toxin in some centers.

Adults with grossly bloody diarrhea may require endoscopic evaluation (sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) for further evaluation. Candidates for endoscopy include at-risk patients such as those with a history of inflammatory bowel disease or immunocompromise (in the case of suspected cytomegalovirus colitis). Appearance of the colonic mucosa may help diagnose amebic dysentery, shigellosis, and E. coli O157:H7 infection, although ulcerative colitis Diagnosis Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory and ulcerative disease arising in the colonic mucosa, characterized most often by bloody diarrhea. Extraintestinal symptoms, particularly arthritis... read more Diagnosis may cause similar lesions. Biopsy and culture are helpful in making a diagnosis.

Patients with a history of recent antibiotic use or other risk factors for C. difficile infection (eg, inflammatory bowel disease Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, is a relapsing and remitting condition characterized by chronic inflammation at various sites in the gastrointestinal... read more , use of proton pump inhibitors) should have a stool assay for C. difficile toxin, but testing should also be done in patients with significant illness even when these risk factors are not present because about 25% of cases of C. difficile infection currently occur in people without identified risk factors. Historically, enzyme immunoassays for toxins A and B were used to diagnose C. difficile infection. However, nucleic acid amplification tests targeting one of the C. difficile toxin genes or their regulator have been shown to have higher sensitivity and are now the diagnostic tests of choice in most cases.

General tests

Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine should be obtained to evaluate hydration and acid-base status in patients who appear seriously ill.

Renal function tests and CBC should be done about a week after the start of symptoms in patients with E. coli O157:H7 to detect early-onset hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

Diagnosis reference

  • 1. Torres-Miranda D, Akselrod H, Karsner R, et al: Use of BioFire FilmArray gastrointestinal PCR panel associated with reductions in antibiotic use, time to optimal antibiotics, and length of stay. BMC Gastroenterol 20(1):246, 2020. doi: 10.1186/s12876-020-01394-w

Treatment of Gastroenteritis

  • Oral or IV rehydration

  • Consideration of antidiarrheal agents if C. difficile or E. coli O157:H7 infection is not suspected

  • Antibiotics only in select cases

Supportive treatment is all that is needed for most patients. Bed rest with convenient access to a toilet or bedpan is desirable.

Oral glucose-electrolyte solutions, broth, or bouillon may prevent dehydration or treat mild dehydration. Even if vomiting, the patient should take frequent small sips of such fluids; vomiting may abate with volume replacement. For patients with E. coli O157:H7 infection, rehydration with isotonic IV fluids may attenuate the severity of any renal injury should hemolytic-uremic syndrome develop. Children may become dehydrated more quickly and should be given an appropriate rehydration solution (several are available commercially—see Oral Rehydration Oral Rehydration Oral fluid therapy is effective, safe, convenient, and inexpensive compared with IV therapy. Oral fluid therapy is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization... read more ). Carbonated beverages and sports drinks lack the correct ratio of glucose to sodium and thus are not appropriate, particularly for children < 5 years. If the child is breastfed, breastfeeding should continue. If vomiting is protracted or if severe dehydration is prominent, IV replacement of volume and electrolytes is necessary (see Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation Almost all circulatory shock states require large-volume IV fluid replacement, as does severe intravascular volume depletion (eg, due to diarrhea or heatstroke). Intravascular volume deficiency... read more ).

When the patient can tolerate fluids without vomiting and the appetite has begun to return, food may be gradually restarted. Although commonly recommended, there is no demonstrated benefit to restricting the diet to bland food (eg, cereal, gelatin, bananas, toast). Some patients have temporary lactose intolerance.

Antidiarrheal (antimotility) agents are not recommended in pediatric cases and therefore should be avoided in children < 18 years of age with acute diarrhea (see also the Infectious Diseases Society of America's 2017 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea). Use of antidiarrheal agents is contraindicated in children < 2 years of age. These agents are generally safe for adult patients with watery diarrhea (as shown by heme-negative stool). However, antidiarrheals may cause deterioration of patients with C. difficile or E. coli O157:H7 infection and thus should not be given to any patient with recent antibiotic use, heme-positive or bloody stool, or diarrhea with fever, pending specific diagnosis.

Effective antidiarrheals include loperamide or diphenoxylate/atropine.

If vomiting is severe and a surgical condition (eg, small-bowel obstruction) has been excluded, an antiemetic may be beneficial. Medications useful in adults include ondansetron, prochlorperazine, and promethazine.

Pearls & Pitfalls

  • Do not use antidiarrheal agents in adults with suspected C. difficile or E. coli O157:H7 infection (eg, with recent antibiotic use, bloody diarrhea, heme-positive stool, or diarrhea with fever) or in children.

Children who are still vomiting after 24 hours require reevaluation.

Although probiotics appear to briefly shorten the duration of diarrhea, there is insufficient evidence that they affect major clinical outcomes (eg, decrease the need for IV hydration and/or hospitalization) to support their routine use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diarrhea (1 Probiotics reference Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications... read more ).

Probiotics reference

Antimicrobials

Empiric antibiotics are generally not recommended except for certain cases of traveler’s diarrhea Treatment Traveler’s diarrhea is gastroenteritis that is usually caused by bacteria endemic to local water. Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnosis is mainly clinical. Treatment is with replacement... read more or when suspicion of Shigella or Campylobacter infection is high (eg, contact with a known case). (See also this expert panel's 2017 guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea.) Otherwise, antibiotics should not be given until stool culture results are known, particularly in children, who have a higher rate of infection with E. coli O157:H7 (antibiotics increase the risk of hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute, fulminant disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury. HUS usually occurs in children... read more Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in patients infected with E. coli O157:H7).

In proven bacterial gastroenteritis, antibiotics are not always required. They do not help with Salmonella and may prolong the duration of shedding in the stool. Exceptions include patients with immunocompromise, neonates, and patients with Salmonella bacteremia. Antibiotics are also ineffective against toxic gastroenteritis (eg, S. aureus, B. cereus, C. perfringens). Indiscriminate use of antibiotics fosters the emergence of drug-resistant organisms, increases the risk of adverse effects, and increases the potential for C. difficile infection. However, certain infections do require antibiotics (see table ).

Initial management of C. difficile colitis involves stopping the causative antibiotic if possible. The medication of choice to treat C. difficile colitis is oral vancomycin, which is superior to metronidazole. Unfortunately, recurrences occur in about 20% of patients receiving vancomycin. Fidaxomicin may have a slightly lower relapse rate than vancomycin or metronidazole. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) 2021 guidelines recommend fidaxomicin as preferred first-line therapy for new and recurrent cases of C. difficile infection (1 Antimicrobials references Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications... read more ).

For cryptosporidiosis, a course of nitazoxanide may be helpful in patients with immunocompromise. Giardiasis is treated with metronidazole or nitazoxanide.

Table

Antimicrobials references

  • 1. Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, et al: Clinical Practice Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 Focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin Infect Dis 73(5):e1029–e1044, 2021. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab549

  • 2. Perler BK, Chen B, Phelps E, et al: Long-term efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 54(8):701–706, 2020. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001281

  • 3. Feuerstadt P, Allegretti JR, Khanna S: Practical use of RBX2660 for the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2023. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002195

Prevention of Gastroenteritis

Prevention of infection is complicated by the frequency of asymptomatic infection and the ease with which many agents, particularly viruses, are transmitted from person to person. In general, proper procedures for handling and preparing food must be followed. Travelers Traveler’s Diarrhea Traveler’s diarrhea is gastroenteritis that is usually caused by bacteria endemic to local water. Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnosis is mainly clinical. Treatment is with replacement... read more should avoid potentially contaminated food and drink.

To prevent recreational waterborne infections, people should not swim if they have diarrhea. Infants and toddlers should have frequent diaper checks and should be changed in a bathroom and not near the water. Swimmers should avoid swallowing water when they swim.

Infants and other people with immunocompromise are particularly predisposed to developing severe cases of salmonellosis and should not be exposed to reptiles, birds, or amphibians, which commonly carry Salmonella.

Breastfeeding affords some protection to neonates and infants.

Caregivers should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after changing diapers, and diaper-changing areas should be disinfected with a freshly prepared solution of 1:64 household bleach (¼ cup diluted in 1 gallon of water). Children with diarrhea should be excluded from child care facilities for the duration of symptoms. Children infected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli or Shigella should also have two negative stool tests before readmission to the facility.

More Information

The following English-language resources may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of these resources.

Drugs Mentioned In This Article

Drug Name Select Trade
Aluvea , BP-50% Urea , BP-K50, Carmol, CEM-Urea, Cerovel, DermacinRx Urea, Epimide-50, Gord Urea, Gordons Urea, Hydro 35 , Hydro 40, Kerafoam, Kerafoam 42, Keralac, Keralac Nailstik, Keratol, Keratol Plus, Kerol, Kerol AD, Kerol ZX, Latrix, Mectalyte, Nutraplus, RE Urea 40, RE Urea 50 , Rea Lo, Remeven, RE-U40, RYNODERM , U40, U-Kera, Ultra Mide 25, Ultralytic-2, Umecta, Umecta Nail Film, URALISS, Uramaxin , Uramaxin GT, Urea, Ureacin-10, Ureacin-20, Urealac , Ureaphil, Uredeb, URE-K , Uremez-40, Ure-Na, Uresol, Utopic, Vanamide, Xurea, X-VIATE
Anti-Diarrheal, Imodium A-D, Imodium A-D EZ Chews , K-Pek II, Medique Diamode
Lomotil, Lonox , Vi-Atro
Zofran, Zofran in Dextrose, Zofran ODT, Zofran Solution, Zuplenz
Compazine, Compazine Rectal, Compazine Solution, Compazine Syrup, Compro
Anergan-50, Pentazine , Phenadoz , Phenergan, Phenergan Fortis, Prometh Plain, Promethegan
FIRVANQ, Vancocin, Vancocin Powder, VANCOSOL
Flagyl, Flagyl ER, Flagyl RTU, LIKMEZ, MetroCream, MetroGel, MetroGel Vaginal, MetroLotion, Noritate, NUVESSA, Nydamax, Rosadan, Rozex, Vandazole, Vitazol
DIFICID
REBYOTA, VOWST
Alinia
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