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Section
Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular Disorders
Approach to the Cardiac Patient
Introduction
History
Physical Examination
Vital signs
Pulsus paradoxus
Pulses
Veins
Chest observation and palpation
Cardiac Auscultation
Systolic heart sounds
Diastolic heart sounds
Systolic murmurs
Diastolic murmurs
Continuous murmurs
Pericardial friction rub
Chest Pain
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Orthostatic Hypotension
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Palpitations
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Syncope
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Primary cardiac disorders
Reflex-mediated vasomotor instability
Orthostatic hypotension
Cerebrovascular disorders
Other causes
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Prognosis and Treatment
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Electrophysiology
Normal rhythm
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Bradyarrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmias
Treatment
Drugs for Arrhythmias
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Devices and Procedures
Direct-current (DC) cardioversion-defibrillation
Pacemakers
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)
Radiofrequency (RF) ablation
Surgery
Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ventricular rate control
Rhythm control
Ablation procedures
Prevention of thromboembolism
Atrial Fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW)
Atrial Flutter
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Atrioventricular Block
First-degree AV block
Second-degree AV block
Third-degree AV block
Brugada Syndrome
Bundle Branch and Fascicular Block
Ectopic Supraventricular Rhythms
Atrial premature beats
Wandering atrial pacemaker
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Atrial tachycardia
Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia
Reentrant Supraventricular Tachycardias (SVT, PSVT)
Pathophysiology
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sinus Node Dysfunction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Ventricular Premature Beats (VPB)
Prognosis
Treatment
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute
Long-term
Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de pointes Ventricular Tachycardia
Congenital
Drug-induced
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Arterial Hypertension
Introduction
Etiology
Primary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Pathophysiology
Abnormal Na transport
Sympathetic nervous system
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Vasodilator deficiency
Pathology and complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Prognosis
General Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Drugs
Drugs for Hypertension
Diuretics
β−Blockers
Ca channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Direct renin inhibitors
Adrenergic modifiers
Direct vasodilators
Hypertensive Emergencies
Hypertensive urgencies
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Renovascular Hypertension
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Arteriosclerosis
Introduction
Atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Documented vascular disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Symptomatic patients
Asymptomatic patients (screening)
Treatment
Diet
Physical activity
Antiplatelet drugs
Other drugs
Nonatheromatous Arteriosclerosis
Cardiac Tumors
Cardiac Tumors
Classification
Benign primary tumors
Malignant primary tumors
Metastatic tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures
Introduction
Cardiac Catheterization
Procedure
Specific Tests
Angiography
Intravascular ultrasonography
Tests for cardiac shunts
Measurement of cardiac output and flow
Endomyocardial biopsy
Contraindications and Complications
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Echocardiography
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Standard ECG Components
Specialized ECG Tests
Electrophysiologic Studies (EPS)
Imaging Tests
Chest x-rays
CT
MRI
PET
Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI)
Contraindications and Complications
Radionuclide Imaging
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Infarct Avid Imaging
Radionuclide Ventriculography
LV
RV
Valves
Shunts
Stress Testing
Stress Methodology
Exercise stress testing
Pharmacologic stress testing
Diagnostic Methodology
Tilt Table Testing
Coronary Artery Disease
Introduction
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Anatomy
Treatment
PCI
CABG
Prevention
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)
