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Various rhythms
result from supraventricular foci (usually in the atria); many are
asymptomatic and require no treatment.
Atrial premature
beats:
Atrial premature beats (APBs), or premature atrial contractions (PACs), are common episodic impulses. They may occur in normal hearts with or without precipitating factors (eg, coffee, tea, alcohol, pseudoephedrine ) or may be a sign of a cardiopulmonary disorder. They are common in patients with COPD. They occasionally cause palpitations. Diagnosis is by ECG (see Fig. 3: Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders: Atrial premature beat (APB). ).
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Fig. 3
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Atrial premature beat (APB).
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In lead II, after the 2nd beat of sinus origin, the T wave is deformed by an APB. Because the APB occurs relatively early during the sinus cycle, the sinus node pacemaker is reset, and a pause—less than fully compensatory—precedes the next sinus beat.
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APBs may be normally, aberrantly, or not conducted and are usually followed by a noncompensatory pause. Aberrantly conducted APBs (usually with right bundle branch block morphology) must be distinguished from premature beats of ventricular origin.
Atrial escape beats are ectopic atrial beats that emerge after long sinus pauses or sinus arrest. They may be single or multiple; escape beats from a single focus may produce a continuous rhythm (called ectopic atrial rhythm). Heart rate is typically slower, the P wave morphology is typically different, and PR interval is slightly shorter than in sinus rhythm.
Wandering atrial
pacemaker:
Wandering atrial pacemaker (multifocal atrial rhythm) is an irregularly irregular rhythm caused by the random discharge of multiple ectopic atrial foci. By definition, heart rate is ≤ 100 beats/min. This arrhythmia most typically occurs in patients who have a pulmonary disorder and are hypoxic, acidotic, theophylline -intoxicated, or a combination. On ECG, P-wave morphology differs from beat to beat and there are 3 or more distinct P-wave morphologies. The presence of P waves distinguishes wandering atrial pacemaker from atrial fibrillation.
Multifocal
atrial tachycardia:
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (chaotic atrial tachycardia) is an irregularly irregular rhythm caused by the random discharge of multiple ectopic atrial foci. By definition, heart rate is > 100 beats/min. Except for the rate, features are the same as those of wandering atrial pacemaker. Symptoms, when they occur, are those of rapid tachycardia. Treatment is directed at the underlying pulmonary disorder.
Atrial tachycardia:
Atrial tachycardia is a regular rhythm caused by the consistent, rapid atrial activation from a single atrial focus. Heart rate is usually 150 to 200 beats/min; however, with a very rapid atrial rate, nodal dysfunction, or digitalis toxicity, atrioventricular (AV) block may be present, and ventricular rate may be slower. Mechanisms include enhanced atrial automaticity and intra-atrial reentry. Atrial tachycardia is the least common form (5%) of supraventricular tachycardia and usually occurs in patients with a structural heart disorder. Other causes include atrial irritation (eg, pericarditis), drugs (eg, digoxin ), alcohol, and toxic gas inhalation. Symptoms are those of other tachycardias. Diagnosis is by ECG; P waves, which differ in morphology from normal sinus P waves, precede QRS complexes but may be hidden within the preceding T wave (see Fig. 4: Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders: True atrial tachycardia.).
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Fig. 4
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True atrial tachycardia.
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This narrow QRS tachycardia arises from an abnormal automatic focus or intra-atrial reentry. P waves precede the QRS complexes; it is a long RP tachycardia (PR < RP).
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Vagal maneuvers may be used to slow the heart rate, allowing visualization of P waves when they are hidden, but these maneuvers do not usually terminate the arrhythmia (demonstrating that the AV node is not an obligate part of the arrhythmia circuit). Treatment involves managing causes and slowing ventricular response rate using a β-blocker or Ca channel blocker. An episode may be terminated by direct-current cardioversion. Pharmacologic approaches to termination and prevention of atrial tachycardia include antiarrhythmic drugs in class Ia, Ic, and III. If these noninvasive measures are ineffective, alternatives include overdrive pacing and radiofrequency ablation.
Nonparoxysmal
junctional tachycardia:
Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia is caused by abnormal automaticity in the AV node or adjacent tissue, which typically follows open heart surgery, acute inferior MI, myocarditis, or digitalis toxicity. Heart rate is 60 to 120 beats/min; thus, symptoms are usually absent. ECG shows regular, normal-appearing QRS complexes without identifiable P waves or with retrograde P waves (inverted in the inferior leads) that occur shortly before (< 0.1 sec) or after the QRS complex. The rhythm is distinguished from paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by the lower heart rate and gradual onset and offset. Treatment is directed at causes.
Last full review/revision January 2008 by L. Brent Mitchell, MD
Content last modified January 2008
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