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Laryngitis
is inflammation of the larynx, usually the result of a virus or
overuse. The result is acute change in the voice, with decreased
volume and hoarseness. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings.
Laryngoscopy is required for symptoms persisting > 3
wk. Viral laryngitis is self-limited. Other infectious or irritating
causes may require specific treatment.
The most common cause of acute laryngitis is a viral URI. Coughing-induced laryngitis may also occur in bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, pertussis, measles, and diphtheria. Excessive use of the voice (especially with loud speaking or singing), allergic reactions, gastroesophageal reflux, bulimia, or inhalation of irritating substances (eg, cigarette smoke or certain aerosolized drugs) can cause acute or chronic laryngitis. Bacterial laryngitis is extremely rare. Smoking can cause Reinke's edema, which is a watery swelling of both vocal cords.
Symptoms and Signs
An unnatural change of voice is usually the most prominent symptom. Volume is typically greatly decreased; some patients have aphonia. Hoarseness, a sensation of tickling, rawness, and a constant urge to clear the throat may occur. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation. Fever, malaise, dysphagia, and throat pain may occur in more severe infections. Laryngeal edema, although rare, may cause dyspnea.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on symptoms. Indirect or direct flexible laryngoscopy is recommended for symptoms persisting > 3 wk; findings in laryngitis include mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane, which may also be edematous. With reflux, there is swelling of the inner lining of the larynx and redness of the vocal cords that extends above and below the edges of the back part of the cords. If a pseudomembrane is present, diphtheria is suspected.
Treatment
No specific treatment is available for viral laryngitis. Cough suppressants, voice rest, and steam inhalations relieve symptoms and promote resolution of acute laryngitis. Smoking cessation and treatment of acute or chronic bronchitis may relieve laryngitis. Depending on the presumed cause, specific treatments to control gastroesophageal reflux, bulimia, or drug-induced laryngitis may be beneficial.
Last full review/revision July 2008 by Clarence T. Sasaki, MD
Content last modified July 2008
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