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Excess tearing may cause a sensation of watery eyes or result in tears falling down the cheek (epiphora).

Pathophysiology

Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and drain through the upper and lower puncta into the canaliculi and then into the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct (see Fig. 3: Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient: Anatomy of the lacrimal system.). Obstruction of tear drainage can lead to stasis and infection. Recurrent infection of the lacrimal sac (dacryocystitis) can sometimes spread, potentially leading to orbital cellulitis.

Fig. 3
Anatomy of the lacrimal system.

Etiology

Overall, the most common causes of tearing are

• URI
• Allergic rhinitis

Tearing can be caused by increased tear production or decreased nasolacrimal drainage.

Increased tear production: The most common causes are

• URI
• Allergic rhinitis
• Allergic conjunctivitis
• Dry eyes (reflex tearing produced in response to dryness of the ocular surface)
• Trichiasis

Any disorder causing conjunctival or corneal irritation can increase tear production (see Table 13: Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient: Some Causes of Tearing). However, most patients with corneal disorders that cause excess tearing (eg, corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, corneal foreign body, keratitis) present with eye symptoms other than tearing (eg, eye pain, redness). Similarly, primary angle-closure glaucoma and anterior uveitis may cause tearing but are more likely to manifest with other symptoms, such as pain and redness. Most people who have been crying do not present for evaluation of tearing.

Decreased nasolacrimal drainage: The most common causes are

• Idiopathic age-related nasolacrimal duct stenosis
• Dacryocystitis
• Ectropion

Nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction may be caused by strictures, tumors, or foreign bodies (eg, stones, often associated with subclinical infection by Actinomyces). Obstruction also can be a congenital malformation. Many disorders and drugs can cause stricture or obstruction of nasolacrimal drainage.

Table 13
Some Causes of Tearing Cause Suggestive Findings Disorders causing excess tear production Dry eyes with reflex tearing Worse on cold or windy days or with exposure to cigarette smoke or dry heat Intermittent foreign body sensation Ocular surface irritation (eg, allergic conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal abrasion or erosion or ulcer, foreign body, hordeolum, infectious conjunctivitis, irritant chemicals, keratitis, trichiasis, irritation with punctate lesions due to paresis of blink muscles as in facial nerve palsy) Grittiness Redness In patients with corneal lesions, pain, constant foreign body sensation, and photophobia In patients with allergic conjunctivitis, itching and possibly follicles on tarsal conjunctiva Nasal irritation and inflammation (eg, allergic rhinitis, URI) Rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion Disorders causing nasolacrimal drainage obstruction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction Symptoms begin after age 2 wk Idiopathic age-related nasolacrimal duct stenosis Usually normal examination except for evidence of obstruction Dacryocystitis Nasal pain Often swelling, redness, and warmth over the lacrimal sac and, with palpation, tenderness and expression of pus Other causes of nasolacrimal drainage stricture or obstruction (see text) Often risk factors Often no characteristic examination findings other than obstruction Disorders causing decreased drainage without obstruction Misalignment between tear film and puncta (eg, ectropion, entropion) Usually visible on examination

Some other causes of nasolacrimal drainage stricture or obstruction include

• Burns
• Chemotherapy drugs
• Eye drops (particularly echothiophate iodide Some Trade Names
  PHOSPHOLINE IODIDE
  Click for Drug Monograph
  , epinephrine Some Trade Names
  ADRENALIN
  PRIMATENE MIST
  Click for Drug Monograph
  , pilocarpine Some Trade Names
  ISOPTO CARPINE
  PILOPINE HS
  SALAGEN
  Click for Drug Monograph
  )
• Infection, including canaliculitis (eg, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, herpes zoster virus, herpes simplex conjunctivitis, infectious mononucleosis, human papillomavirus, Ascaris, leprosy, TB)
• Inflammatory disorders (sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis)
• Injuries (eg, nasoethmoid fractures; nasal, orbital, endoscopic sinus surgery)
• Obstruction of nasal outlet despite an intact nasolacrimal system (eg, URI, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis)
• Radiation therapy
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome
• Tumors (eg, primary lacrimal sac tumors, benign papillomas, squamous and basal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, fibrous histiocytomas, midline granuloma, lymphoma)

Evaluation

History: History of present illness addresses the duration, onset, and severity of symptoms, including whether tears drip down the cheek (true epiphora). The effects of weather, environmental humidity, and cigarette smoke are ascertained.

Review of symptoms should seek symptoms of possible causes, including itching, rhinorrhea, or sneezing, particularly when occurring perennially or on exposure to specific potential allergens (allergic reaction); eye irritation or pain (blepharitis, corneal abrasion, irritant chemicals); and pain near medial canthus (dacryocystitis). Other symptoms are of lower yield but should be sought, including positional headache, purulent rhinorrhea, nocturnal cough, and fever (sinusitis, Wegener's granulomatosis); rash (Stevens-Johnson syndrome); cough, dyspnea, and chest pain (sarcoidosis); and epistaxis, hemoptysis, polyarthralgias, and myalgias (Wegener's granulomatosis).

Past medical history asks about known disorders that can cause tearing, including Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, and cancer treated with chemotherapy drugs; disorders that cause dry eyes (eg, RA, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome); and drugs, including echothiophate, epinephrine Some Trade Names
ADRENALIN
PRIMATENE MIST
Click for Drug Monograph
, and pilocarpine Some Trade Names
ISOPTO CARPINE
PILOPINE HS
SALAGEN
Click for Drug Monograph
. Previous ocular and nasal history is ascertained, including infections, injuries, surgeries, and radiation exposure.

Physical examination: Examination focuses on the eye and surrounding structures.

The face is inspected; asymmetry suggests congenital or acquired obstruction of nasolacrimal duct drainage. When available, a slit lamp should be used to examine the eyes. The conjunctivae and corneas are inspected for lesions, including punctate spots, and redness. The cornea is stained with fluorescein and examined. The lids are everted to detect hidden foreign bodies. The eyelids, including the lacrimal puncta, are closely inspected for foreign bodies, blepharitis, hordeola, ectropion, entropion, and trichiasis. The lacrimal sac (near the medial canthus) is palpated for warmth, tenderness, and swelling. Any swellings are palpated for consistency and to see whether pus is expressed.

The nose is examined for congestion, purulence, and bleeding.

Red flags: The following findings are of particular concern:

• Repeated, unexplained episodes of tearing
• Hard mass in or near the nasolacrimal drainage structures

Interpretation of findings: Findings that suggest obstruction of nasolacrimal drainage include

• Tears running down the cheek (true epiphora)
• Absence of signs of a specific cause

A cause is often evident from the clinical evaluation (see Table 14: Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient: Findings That Suggest the Cause of Nasolacrimal Obstruction).

Table 14
Findings That Suggest the Cause of Nasolacrimal Obstruction Finding Possible Cause Worse on cold or windy days and with exposure to cigarette smoke or dry heat, intermittent foreign body sensation Dry eyes with reflex tearing Grittiness, redness, photosensitivity or photophobia, constant foreign body sensation, ocular itching Eyelid, conjunctival, or corneal abnormality on examination Ocular surface irritation Rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion Nasal irritation or inflammation (eg, allergic rhinitis, URI) Pain at nose near medial canthus with or without swelling, redness, and warmth Dacryocystitis Symptoms beginning before age 2 wk Neonatal conjunctivitis Symptoms beginning shortly after age 2 wk Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction Hard mass in the nasolacrimal duct system Tumor Unexplained constant or recurrent symptoms, particularly in the elderly Tumor

Testing: Testing is often unnecessary because the cause is usually evident from examination.

Schirmer's test with a large amount of wetting (eg, > 25 mm) suggests an evaporative dry eye as the etiology of tearing. Schirmer's test with very little wetting (< 5.5 mm) suggests an aqueous tear-deficient dry eye. Usually, Schirmer's test is done by an ophthalmologist to ensure it is done and interpreted correctly.

Probing and saline irrigation of the lacrimal drainage system is a test that can help detect anatomic obstruction of drainage, as well as stenosis due to complete obstruction of the nasolacrimal drainage system. Irrigation is done with and without fluorescein dye. Reflux through the opposite punctum or canaliculus signals fixed obstruction; reflux and nasal drainage signify stenosis. This test is considered adjunctive and is done by ophthalmologists.

Imaging tests and procedures (dacryocystography, CT, nasal endoscopy) are sometimes useful to delineate abnormal anatomy when surgery is being considered or occasionally to detect an abscess.

Treatment

Underlying disorders (eg, allergies, foreign bodies, conjunctivitis) are treated.

The use of artificial tears lessens tearing when dry eyes or corneal epithelial defects are the cause.

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction often resolves spontaneously. In patients < 1 yr, manual compression of the lacrimal sac 4 or 5 times/day may relieve the distal obstruction. After 1 yr, the nasolacrimal duct may need probing with the patient under general anesthesia. If obstruction is recurrent, a temporary drainage tube may be inserted.

In acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction, irrigation of the nasolacrimal duct may be therapeutic when underlying disorders do not respond to treatment. As a last resort, a passage between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity can be created surgically (dacryocystorhinostomy).

In cases of punctal or canalicular stenosis, dilation is usually curative. If canalicular stenosis is severe and bothersome, a surgical procedure that places a glass tube leading from the caruncle into the nasal cavity can be considered.

Geriatrics Essentials

Idiopathic age-related nasolacrimal duct stenosis is the most common cause of unexplained epiphora in elderly patients; however, tumors also should be considered.

Key Points

• If tears do not run down the cheek, dry eyes is often the cause.
• If tears run down the cheek, obstruction of nasolacrimal drainage is likely.
• Testing is often unnecessary but is needed in cases of recurrent infectious dacryocystitis, which can progress to more serious conditions such as orbital cellulitis.

Last full review/revision April 2009 by Kathryn Colby, MD, PhD

Content last modified April 2009