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Section
Hematology and Oncology
Hematology and Oncology
Anemias Caused by Deficient Erythropoiesis
Introduction
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypoproliferative Anemias
Anemia of renal disease
Other hypoproliferative anemias
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Pathophysiology
Iron absorption
Iron transport and usage
Iron storage and recycling
Iron deficiency
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myelodysplasia and Iron-Transport Deficiency Anemia
Myelophthisic Anemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sideroblastic Anemias
Anemias Caused by Hemolysis
Introduction
Etiology
Disorders extrinsic to the RBC
Intrinsic RBC abnormalities
Pathophysiology
Normal RBC processing
Extravascular hemolysis
Intravascular hemolysis
Consequences of hemolysis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Etiology
Warm antibody hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Warm antibody hemolytic anemias
Cold agglutinin disease
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway Defects
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hemoglobin C Disease
Hemoglobin E Disease
Hemoglobin S-C Disease
Hemoglobin S–β-Thalassemia Disease
Hereditary Spherocytosis and Hereditary Elliptocytosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sickle Cell Disease
Pathophysiology
Acute exacerbations
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Heterozygotes
Diagnosis
Prenatal screening
Newborn screening
Screening and diagnosis of children and adults
Evaluation of exacerbations
Prognosis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Transfusion
Health maintenance
Stomatocytosis and Anemia Caused by Hypophosphatemia
Stomatocytosis
Anemia caused by hypophosphatemia
Thalassemias
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Traumatic Hemolytic Anemia
Approach to the Patient With Anemia
Introduction
Etiology of Anemia
Evaluation of Anemia
History
Physical Examination
Testing
Treatment of Anemia
Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels
Introduction
Autoerythrocyte Sensitization
Dysproteinemias Causing Vascular Purpura
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Purpura Simplex
Senile Purpura
Coagulation Disorders
Introduction
Coagulation Disorders Caused by Circulating Anticoagulants
Factor VIII Anticoagulants
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hemophilia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Uncommon Hereditary Coagulation Disorders
Eosinophilic Disorders
Introduction
Eosinophilia
Diagnosis and Treatment
Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hemostasis
Introduction
Vascular Factors
Platelet Factors
Plasma Factors
Regulatory Mechanisms
Inactivation of coagulation factors
Fibrinolysis
Regulation of fibrinolysis
Excessive Bleeding
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Histiocytic Syndromes
Introduction
Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis
Symptoms and Signs
Eosinophilic granuloma
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
Letterer-Siwe disease
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Iron Overload
Introduction
Hemosiderosis
Primary Hemochromatosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ferroportin Disease
Juvenile Hemochromatosis
Transferrin and Ceruloplasmin Deficiency
Secondary Iron Overload
Overload of Unknown Origin
Leukemias
Introduction
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Acute Leukemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Supportive care
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Prognosis
Treatment
Induction therapy
CNS prophylaxis
Consolidation therapy
Maintenance therapy
Relapse
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia (AML)
Prognosis
Treatment
Induction therapy
Consolidation therapy
Relapse
Chronic Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Corticosteroids
Monoclonal antibody therapy
Radiation therapy
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Lymphomas
Introduction
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Treatment
Complications of treatment
Posttreatment surveillance
Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Treatment
Localized disease (stages I and II)
Advanced disease (stages III and IV)
Lymphoma relapse
Complications of treatment
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mycosis Fungoides
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Introduction
Essential Thrombocythemia
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Thrombocytosis
Polycythemia Vera
Pathophysiology
Complications
Genetic basis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Aspirin
Phlebotomy
Myelosuppressive therapy
Treatment of complications
Secondary Erythrocytosis
Evaluation
Primary Myelofibrosis
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Neutropenia and Lymphocytopenia
Introduction
Lymphocytopenia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neutropenia
Etiology
Neutropenia caused by intrinsic defects in myeloid cells or their precursors
Secondary neutropenia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Evaluation for infection
Identification of cause
Treatment
Acute neutropenia
Chronic neutropenia
Overview of Cancer
Introduction
Cancer Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Testing
Staging
Imaging tests
Laboratory tests
Invasive tests
Cancer Screening
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cancer
Cellular Kinetics
Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Molecular Abnormalities
Oncogenes
Chromosomal abnormalities
Other influences
Environmental Factors
Infections
Radiation
Drugs and chemicals
Dietary substances
Physical factors
Immunologic Disorders
Clinical Sequelae of Cancer
Metastatic Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Origin
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
General paraneoplastic symptoms
Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes
Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes
GI paraneoplastic syndromes
Hematologic paraneoplastic syndromes
Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes
Renal paraneoplastic syndrome
Rheumatologic paraneoplastic syndromes
Plasma Cell Disorders
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Heavy Chain Diseases
IgA Heavy Chain (α-Chain) Disease
IgG Heavy Chain (γ-Chain) Disease
IgM Heavy Chain (μ-Chain) Disease
Macroglobulinemia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
Multiple Myeloma
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Treatment of malignant cells
Treatment of complications
Principles of Cancer Therapy
Introduction
Cachexia
Treatment
Incurable Cancer
Management of Adverse Effects
Nausea and Vomiting
Cytopenias
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
Gastrointestinal Effects
Pain
Depression
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Modalities of Cancer Therapy
Surgery
Primary tumor resection
Resection of metastases
Cytoreduction
Palliative surgery
Reconstructive surgery
Radiation Therapy
Types of radiation therapy
Adverse effects
Chemotherapy
Cytotoxic drugs
Hormonal therapy
Biologic response modifiers
Differentiating drugs
Antiangiogenesis drugs
Signal transduction inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies
Multimodality and Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Adjuvant therapy
Neoadjuvant therapy
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Gene Therapy
Spleen Disorders
Introduction
Splenic Injury
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Splenomegaly
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Treatment
Hypersplenism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction
Introduction
Etiology
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet dysfunction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Thrombocytopenia
Suspected platelet dysfunction
Treatment
Acquired Platelet Dysfunction
Drugs
Systemic disorders
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Hereditary Intrinsic Platelet Disorders
Disorders of adhesion
Disorders of activation
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Thrombocytopenia: Other Causes
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Blood transfusions
Connective tissue and lymphoproliferative disorders
Drug-induced immunologic destruction
Infections
Pregnancy
Sepsis
Thrombocytopenia Due to Splenic Sequestration
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Children
Adults
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Causes
Treatment
Von Willebrand's Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Thrombotic Disorders
Thrombotic Disorders
Etiology
Diagnosis
Predisposing factors
Treatment
Factor V Resistance to Activated Protein C (APC)
Protein C Deficiency
Protein S Deficiency
Protein Z Deficiency
Antithrombin Deficiency
Prothrombin 20210 Gene Mutation
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Transfusion Medicine
Introduction
Blood Collection
Pretransfusion Testing
Blood Products
RBCs
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
WBCs
Immune globulins
Platelets
Other products
Complications of Transfusion
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR)
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Allergic reactions
Volume overload
Acute lung injury
Altered oxygen affinity
Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD)
Complications of massive transfusion
Infectious complications
Technique of Transfusion
Therapeutic Hemapheresis
Plasmapheresis
Cytapheresis
Tumor Immunology
Introduction
Host Response to Tumors
Cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Failure of Host Defenses
Immunotherapy
Passive Cellular Immunotherapy
Passive Humoral Immunotherapy
Active Specific Immunotherapy
Nonspecific Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens
Tumor Immunodiagnosis
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