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Section
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders
Introduction
Acid-Base Physiology
Acid-Base Balance
Chemical buffering
Pulmonary regulation
Renal regulation
Acid-Base Disorders
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
High anion gap acidosis
Normal anion gap acidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lactic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Acidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Respiratory Alkalosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Treatment
Adrenal Disorders
Introduction
Cortex
Medulla
Clinical syndromes
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Glucocorticoid deficiency
Symptoms and Signs
Adrenal crisis
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Testing
Treatment
Adrenal crisis
Treatment of complications
Adrenal Virilism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cushing's Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonfunctional Adrenal Masses
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pheochromocytoma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Blood tests
Urine tests
Other tests
Treatment
Primary Aldosteronism
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Aldosteronism
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis
Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Classification
Primary amyloidosis (AL)
Secondary amyloidosis (AA)
Familial amyloidosis
A β
2
-microglobulin (dialysis-related) amyloidosis
A β-protein amyloidosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Carcinoid Tumors
Introduction
Carcinoid Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Diabetes Mellitus and Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Introduction
Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Type 1
Type 2
Miscellaneous types
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Macrovascular disease
Infection
Other complications
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Monitoring
Insulin
Insulin regimens for type 1 DM
Insulin regimens for type 2 DM
Oral antihyperglycemic drugs
Other antihyperglycemic treatments
Adjunctive treatments
Special Populations and Settings
Brittle diabetes
Children
Adolescents
Hospitalization
Surgery
Prevention
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hypoglycemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (NKHS)
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism
Introduction
Disorders of Calcium Concentration
Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
Hypocalcemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency
Renal disease
Other causes
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypercalcemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Fluid Volume
Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Magnesium Concentration
Hypomagnesemia
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypermagnesemia
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Phosphate Concentration
Hypophosphatemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperphosphatemia
Symptoms, Signs, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Disorders of Potassium Concentration
Hypokalemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
GI tract losses
Intracellular shift
Renal losses
Drugs
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Hyperkalemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mild hyperkalemia
Moderate to severe hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyponatremia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Hypovolemic hyponatremia
Euvolemic hyponatremia
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
Hyponatremia in AIDS
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mild hyponatremia
Severe hyponatremia
Osmotic demyelination syndrome
Water and Sodium Balance
Lipid Disorders
Introduction
Physiology
Exogenous (dietary) lipid metabolism
Endogenous lipid metabolism
Dyslipidemia
Classification and Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Screening
Prognosis and Treatment
General principles
Elevated LDLs
Elevated TGs
Low HDLs
Elevated Lp(a)
Secondary causes
Moni
