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Amniotic
fluid embolism is entrance of amniotic fluid and fetal cells into
the maternal pulmonary circulation.
Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare obstetric emergency. It usually occurs during late pregnancy, typically during tumultuous labor and rupture of membranes but occasionally during a cesarean section. Amniotic fluid embolizes to the pulmonary circulation, causing tachycardia, hypotension, respiratory failure, and often rapid death, or, in survivors, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Autopsy may show fetal squamous cells and hair in the pulmonary circulation.
Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is transfusion of RBCs and fresh frozen plasma (as needed to replace lost blood) and clotting factors as well as ventilatory and circulatory support, using inotropic drugs as needed.
Last full review/revision November 2005
Content last modified November 2005
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