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Individual muscles or groups of muscles may be absent at birth.
Partial or complete agenesis of the pectoralis major is common and occurs alone or with ipsilateral hand abnormalities, as Poland's syndrome. Poland's syndrome may be associated with Möbius' syndrome (paralysis of the lower cranial nerves, especially the 6th, 7th, and 12th), which is linked to autism.
In prune-belly syndrome (see Congenital Renal and Genitourinary Anomalies: Prune-Belly Syndrome), one or more layers of the abdominal musculature are absent at birth; this often occurs with severe GU abnormalities, particularly hydronephrosis. Incidence is highest in male infants, who often also have undescended testes. Malformations involving the feet and rectum also often coexist. Prognosis is guarded, even with early relief of urinary tract obstruction.
Last full review/revision November 2005
Content last modified November 2005
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