Reproductive Organs

The effects of aging on the reproductive system are more obvious in women than in men. In women, most of these effects are related to menopause, when the levels of female hormones (particularly estrogen) decrease, menstrual periods end permanently, and pregnancy is no longer possible. The decrease in female hormone levels causes the ovaries and uterus to shrink. The tissues of the vagina become thinner, drier, and less elastic (a condition called atrophic vaginitis). The breasts become less firm and more fibrous, and they tend to sag.

Some of the changes that begin at menopause may interfere with sexual activity. However, for most women, aging does not significantly affect sexual activity.

In men, the changes in the reproductive system are less dramatic. Most men remain fertile until death, even though testosterone levels decrease, resulting in fewer sperm and a decreased sex drive (libido). Most men can continue to have erections and reach orgasm throughout life. However, erections may not last as long or may be slightly less rigid. In addition, the time needed to achieve a second erection may increase markedly. Erectile dysfunction (impotence) becomes more common as men age.