Introduction

The mouth does much more than take food in and begin to digest food—two essential and enjoyable functions. The mouth also helps defend the body against invading microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), which can cause infections. The mouth prevents microorganisms from entering the throat, which is the gateway to the lungs and stomach. Thus, the mouth helps prevent infections that could develop in these organs. Also, without the mouth, people could not speak. But even without uttering a word, the mouth helps people express emotions—for example, by smiling, grimacing, pursing the lips, or baring the teeth. It comes as no surprise, then, that the mouth has an important say in determining a person's quality of life and ability to do daily activities.

After years of faithful tasting, chewing, and talking, the mouth is often taken for granted. When minor problems develop, people may assume that nothing needs to be done or that seeking help is not worth the trouble. For many older people, going for regular checkups and cleanings falls by the wayside. Some go to a dentist only when something goes seriously wrong. But contrary to what people may think, preventing mouth and dental disorders requires more attention as they age. One reason is that older people develop disorders and take drugs that can worsen the mouth's health or interfere with the way the mouth functions.

For older people, common problems include dry mouth, tooth decay, and periodontal disease. In periodontal disease, the gums may be inflamed and infected (as gingivitis). Or the ligaments and bones that support and anchor the teeth may be inflamed and infected (as periodontitis). Most of these problems can be prevented or treated effectively. Oral cancer is a less common problem. But more than 90% of oral cancers occur in people over 50, and for them, this cancer is fatal about half the time.