Diagnosing cancer early, before it has spread, may potentially lead to better outcomes
December 10, 2025
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Time is important with a cancer diagnosis. People with cancer may have the opportunity for better outcomes when the disease is detected early. And with increases in routine cancer screening (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies, lung cancer screenings, Pap smears, etc.), more cancer cases can be diagnosed before metastasis — before the disease has spread to other parts of the body.
“We’ve seen incredible progress in the fight against cancer in recent decades, driven by advances in early detection and the availability of new treatment options,” said Dr. Gregory Lubiniecki, vice president, oncology clinical research. “This progress makes me optimistic for a future where cancer is detected and treated as early as possible, giving patients the greatest chance to live cancer-free. We can’t rest now — I’m hopeful that we’ll continue to build on what we’ve learned about helping people with earlier stages of disease.”
But important work remains to continue to improve care and diagnose cancer early.
What is early-stage cancer?
After someone is diagnosed with cancer, doctors will try to figure out how much cancer is in the body and if their disease has spread — this process is called staging, which can help guide treatment decisions. Different cancer stages have different treatments and possible outcomes, and they’re associated with different odds of recurrence.
The stages of cancer
Stage 0: Cancer is localized to where it started.
Stage 1: Cancer has not grown deeply into nearby tissues.
Stage 2 and 3: Cancer has grown more deeply into nearby tissues and may involve lymph nodes, but has not spread to distant parts of the body.
Stage 4: Tumor cells have spread to other organs or distant parts of the body.
Early-stage is a term that can be used to describe cancer that’s early in its growth, before it has spread to other parts of the body. However, each person’s experience with cancer is unique, and what doctors may define as early-stage can vary by the type of cancer.
When cancer is diagnosed, the goals of treatments are to slow, stop and possibly eliminate tumor growth.
Treatment may be more likely to be successful if it’s started before the cancer has spread, when surgery is a potential option. However, even after surgery, there’s a risk that the cancer may spread to other parts of the body. Additional treatment may help lower that risk. In certain instances, other treatment options can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to help to reduce the size of the tumor, and/or after surgery (adjuvant) to lower the chance of the cancer from potentially coming back.
Detecting and treating cancer early may help reduce the risk of recurrence and increase the potential for survival.
See how a grandfather's heart attack sparked a journey toward lowering his LDL cholesterol level
October 28, 2025
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“Life is short. It can change any second,” John Bald said he realized when his ski trip ended in the hospital.
While on the slopes several years ago, Bald, a father of three and grandfather of three, started to feel chest pain. What he thought was heartburn kept getting worse with each run.
“When I finally got to the hospital, I ran to the emergency window, and by the time I got to the window, I almost collapsed,” Bald said.
His doctors discovered he was having a heart attack. They found a 95% blockage of his right coronary artery, a common sign of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and he later learned he had high levels of LDL cholesterol, also known as bad cholesterol.
The blockage was cleared, and Bald received a stent in his heart to keep his artery open and improve blood flow to the rest of his body. As someone who had been active and relatively healthy, he was surprised by his diagnosis.
What is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)?
ASCVD is a condition caused by the buildup of plaque (bad cholesterol, fats and other substances) within the arteries, leading to narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can result in serious cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes. ASCVD includes diseases that can narrow or block arteries in your heart, legs, and/or brain.
The risks of high cholesterol
Bald learned his high LDL cholesterol put him at an increased risk of a future heart attack or stroke.
A high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of several risk factors that can contribute to the development of ASCVD. Plaques can silently build up in arteries over time, which may increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke.
Bald and his doctor came up with a treatment plan to manage his cholesterol. These conversations with his doctor, in addition to medication and lifestyle changes, helped Bald lower his risk of future cardiovascular events. It also prompted his adult family members to understand their own cardiovascular risk.
Today, Bald savors every minute splashing in the pool with his three grandchildren.
Watch above to learn more about John Bald’s journey to lowering his LDL cholesterol.
Talk to your doctor about your LDL cholesterol level and risk of ASCVD.
HIV community advocates spark a global conversation
Meet three HIV advocates who are using their stories to uplift, spark change, and create spaces of healing and hope across continents
October 7, 2025
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Around the world, HIV advocates are working tirelessly to confront stigma, alleviate loneliness and empower people living with HIV through education, community building and storytelling.
Isaac Ogunkola, Erika Castellanos and Nesrine Rizk exemplify how compassionate advocacy can transform lives. Their work reminds us that even the smallest action — whether it’s sharing a story, offering support or educating just one person — can spark meaningful change.
Above, watch them reflect on their work and read on to learn more about each advocate.
Isaac Ogunkola: Empowering the next generation of HIV advocates
Isaac Ogunkola didn’t set out to be a voice for the HIV community. When he began working with young refugees and local children in Nigeria, the goal was to teach reading and writing. After learning some of them were living with HIV, he reflected on the experience of watching family members die from preventable diseases and decided he would pursue public health.
Ogunkola’s organization connects youth to clinics for testing and treatment of HIV, preventive education and harm reduction services. “People living with HIV face many challenges, and my work is about connecting them to medical services and fostering environments where they can live safely and with dignity,” Ogunkola said.
His biggest impact has been through the development of a peer education program for refugee settlements in West Africa. By training 35 young refugees as educators and advocates, they’ve been able to reach 2,000 other refugees with testing and prevention services. These peer advocates help combat stigma by creating a safe space to discuss topics related to HIV transmission, like sex and drug use, that are often stigmatized.
“The peer educators can continue the training while I’m no longer in the settlements. Seeing that the project is self-sustaining, that is success for me.”
Isaac Ogunkola
Although Ogunkola’s advocacy journey has expanded beyond the grassroots level to working with governments and policymakers, he’s still passionate about the power of individuals to make a difference, especially young people.
“We can tap into the strength of young people,” he said. “We can push young people to be stakeholders in the implementation of these projects right from the beginning and throughout the life of the projects.”
Erika Castellanos: The joyful warrior
Erika Castellanos first encountered the devastation of the HIV epidemic while volunteering at a hospice in Mexico in the early 1990s. As a transgender woman from a small town in Belize, Castellanos understood what it felt like to be stigmatized by her community. So, when she noticed hospice patients with HIV who had been abandoned by their relatives, she stepped in to hold their hands and read them books, making sure they knew they weren’t alone.
In 1995, Castellanos contracted HIV and was told she’d have just six months to live. She’s grateful to have survived that moment, and it was an unexpected encounter with another woman living with HIV at that time that inspired Castellanos to become an advocate herself. This other woman was always cheerful and good-humored about her condition despite her difficult prognosis, which puzzled Castellanos — until she decided to try and do the same. She realized that by embracing her own diagnosis and speaking openly about living with HIV, she could empower others.
“It felt good to be able to laugh again, even about the things we were struggling with. If I want to do anything in life, I want to make someone else smile.”
Erika Castellanos
Over the past three decades, Castellanos has advocated for a better quality of life for people living with HIV and the LGBTQ+ community worldwide. She now lives in the Netherlands with her husband and two children, where she runs an organization that advances equality for the transgender and gender diverse communities.
Even as the challenges facing these communities have changed, the most important part of her advocacy work has always been sharing positivity with others.
“Living with HIV is not just about managing the virus, but also about managing the judgment and prejudice that comes with it,” she said.
Castellanos emphasizes the importance of sharing stories to combat loneliness and stigma. “Don’t be shy,” she urges. “Speak out. Share your stories. Someone else will hear your message and no longer feel alone.”
Nesrine Rizk: Bridging medicine and social science in HIV care
Dr. Nesrine Rizk believes medicine is not just a science, but also a social discipline, especially when treating people with infectious diseases like HIV.
“Because of its history and transmission route, HIV is deeply intertwined with cultural norms, stigma and how people live and interact,” said Rizk, who practices in Lebanon.
Rizk advocates for comprehensive education of health care providers and the public, policy reform and community engagement to dismantle stigma.
“Stigma will impact the ability of a person to access prevention methods, stigma will impact an individual’s access to HIV health care, and stigma will affect treatment and adherence to therapy,” she said. “Stigma creates barriers to accessing prevention, care and treatment, and can lead to late diagnosis and increased mortality. It impacts their quality of life profoundly.”
In Rizk’s region, access to condoms can be limited, at-home testing is often unavailable and patients sometimes feel compelled to hide their medication from loved ones. These additional barriers to care have, in part, contributed to the region’s steep rise in new infections.
Rizk believes physicians should normalize discussions about sexual health and HIV in primary care settings, just as providers would address cholesterol or blood pressure.
“The bond between providers and people living with HIV is unique,” she said. “Being present to support patients throughout their life journey is essential.”
Nesrine Rizk
These stories are a powerful reminder that HIV advocacy is not just about HIV — it’s about humanity. Through empathy, courage and connection, individuals like Ogunkola, Castellanos and Rizk show us that change often begins with one person making the effort to care. Whether by listening, sharing or simply standing beside someone on their journey, we all have the power to make a difference.
Debunking 6 common myths about pneumonia in adults
Don't underestimate the severity of this infection of the lungs
October 1, 2025
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What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs that can make it difficult to breathe and limit your ability to get enough oxygen.
Some common myths about pneumonia in adults, explained:
01.
Myth: Pneumonia is only viral.
Fact: Viral and bacterial pneumonia are the most common types of pneumonia.
Viral pneumonia is typically caused by respiratory viruses like the flu, SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human metapneumovirus (HMPV). If you have viral pneumonia, you’re also at risk for developing bacterial pneumonia as a complication.
The most common type of bacterial pneumonia is called pneumococcal pneumonia, which occurs when the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a lung infection. Pneumococcal pneumonia can be a serious illness.
02.
Myth: Cold weather causes pneumonia.
Fact: Cold weather doesn’t cause pneumonia — viruses and bacteria do. Pneumonia can be a concern year round, especially for those at increased risk.
03.
Myth: Only elderly people get pneumonia.
Fact: It’s true that adults 50 years of age and older are particularly at risk, but people of all ages can get pneumonia.
Pneumonia risk factors for people of all ages include medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease and HIV.
04.
Myth: Pneumonia isn’t contagious.
Fact: The viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia are contagious. People who are infected can spread the virus or bacteria through the air when they cough, sneeze or talk. People who have the virus or the bacteria in their respiratory tract, but have no symptoms, can pass it on to others.
People can occasionally catch pneumonia by touching something that has the virus or bacteria on it and then touching their noses or mouths.
05.
Myth: Pneumonia’s only symptom is a cough.
Fact: Cough is a common symptom, but pneumonia can present differently in people based on a variety of factors. Other symptoms include:
Fever
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Chills
Rapid breathing
Chest pains
Confusion
Loss of appetite
Older adults with pneumonia may even have a lower-than-normal temperature and, at times, sudden changes in mental awareness. For those with chronic lung conditions, pneumonia may exacerbate existing symptoms. Sometimes, pneumonia symptoms can be mild, making it more difficult to diagnose.
06.
Myth: Pneumonia isn’t serious.
Fact: Pneumonia can cause serious illness, such as respiratory failure, fluid or pus in or around the lungs and sepsis. These complications can be life-threatening.
As you grow older, your risk for pneumonia increases. Speak with your health care provider to learn more about the disease and the actions you can take to help reduce your risk.
How one woman embraced life, marriage and motherhood despite her cervical cancer diagnosis
September 25, 2025
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Several years ago, Christine Granado was living happily in New Jersey with her fiancé and then-9-year-old son, but she felt something wasn’t right.
In the span of a year, she lost three pregnancies. The first miscarriage came as a total shock. With the second, she felt confused. After the third, she was afraid something was terribly wrong. She decided to go for a routine checkup. While undergoing a series of tests ordered by her OB-GYN, she got surprising news: she was diagnosed with stage IIB squamous cell cervical cancer that had spread to her lymph nodes. At just 28, Christine said she felt disbelief.
“How can I have cancer at this age?” she asked herself. “I remember peeking through my bangs, feeling like I was trying to hide behind them.”
Young women are at risk for cervical cancer, too
Granado wasn’t alone in asking herself that question. Cervical cancer is most often diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 44. In 2022, over 660,000 people around the world were diagnosed with cervical cancer. In 2025, it’s estimated that around 13,000 people will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in the U.S.
Regular screenings can catch early changes in the cervix before they turn into cancer, but not everyone has the same access or risk factors for cervical cancer. That’s why it’s so important to make sure everyone gets the care they need.
Beginning her cancer treatment journey
Granado started treatment as soon as possible. She was prepared for physical side effects but was overwhelmed by the other changes that soon followed, including how she felt about losing her fertility. She and her partner discussed preserving her eggs but decided against it as doing so would have delayed her treatment.
Granado’s cancer went into remission for three years, and she found joy again: She and her fiancé got married and decided to have a baby via surrogate.
The shock of a recurring cancer diagnosis
Then, soon before her son was born, Granado started having unexplained chest pains. A CT scan found enlarged lymph nodes. She was diagnosed with metastatic cancer.
“When I got the recurrence diagnosis, I was devastated. It was hard to hear, but it motivated me to finish things, to contact a lawyer and get things in my kids’ names — to think about life after me,” she said.
It also motivated her to continue with more treatments. During her second round of treatment, Granado was able to welcome her new son. When she saw him, she took him in her arms: “I bawled my eyes out.”
A focus on mental health
In addition to her son’s arrival, Granado said a focus on herself has sharpened her resolve to live her best life. When the cancer came back, she grieved for her life. She would cry and sleep all day. Her depression stopped her from enjoying precious time with her family.
“The most disabling thing I dealt with was the depression,” she said. “There were days when I would feel physically OK, but I’d still stay in bed all day.” Thankfully, Granado had the support of a psychologist and a psychiatrist who helped her feel well again.
Cervical cancer won’t stop her from living her best life
Granado has been able to complete a master’s degree in health leadership, and her family has a new border collie named Harry. Even everyday activities like going to the hardware store and winding down with a book mean so much more now. She appreciates the small details, like watching TV with her son on the couch.
“Life has been amazingly boring,” she says. “In a good way.”
Granado said she hopes her story will inspire others and give them hope in the face of a cancer diagnosis.
Helping protect against vaccine-preventable diseases
Vaccination is one of the many ways you can help protect your loved ones against certain vaccine-preventable diseases
September 10, 2025
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Vaccines are one of the greatest public health success stories in history
Vaccines help protect against more than 30 potentially life-threatening diseases and are one of the greatest public health achievements of our time.
We recognize and support many global health stakeholders for their efforts in raising awareness about the importance of vaccination and helping prevent infectious diseases around the world.
Broader vaccination coverage along with other public health measures have contributed to the eradication of smallpox and significantly decreased the incidence of other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Declining immunization rates persist
Childhood immunization rates have been declining in recent years, with the global population facing the largest sustained decline in approximately 30 years.
A downward trend in global immunization persists, with immunization coverage stalling in 2023, leaving 2.7 million more children un- or under-vaccinated compared to 2019.
Research shows that routine childhood vaccinations for people in the U.S. born from 1994-2023 have contributed to helping prevent about 508 million illnesses and 32 million hospitalizations.
In 2024, it’s estimated that more than 14.3 million infants around the world did not receive some routinely recommended vaccines.
Recovering immunization rates together
Now, more than ever, we have an opportunity to reimagine the role we all can play.
At Merck, our broad portfolio of vaccines helps protect against certain infectious diseases affecting individuals around the world and across all stages of life from infancy through older adulthood. Through our work in vaccines, we’re committed to helping protect people from vaccine-preventable diseases today and for generations to come.
But we can’t be successful alone. That’s why we’re working with a variety of stakeholders to help increase vaccination rates, build trust and enable access to vaccination services for everyone who can benefit from them.
We’re also encouraging individuals to speak with their health care providers about vaccines that may be recommended for them or their families.
Merck and its legacy companies have a 100+ year history of innovation and commitment to helping prevent disease by discovering, developing, supplying and delivering vaccines.
To keep pace with the ever-evolving disease landscape, we go where the need is to find new ways to address complex public health problems. We continue to invest in groundbreaking research and breakthrough technologies to help protect against potentially life-altering vaccine-preventable diseases.
As the leading cause of hospitalization for infants in the U.S., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can progress to severe illness for some babies
June 11, 2025
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Caring for a child with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can be challenging. New parents Amanda and Jeremy thought they were as prepared as possible for any illness for their daughter Charlotte.
Charlotte’s first night in the pediatric ICU.
They had an established pediatrician, supportive family and friends and a variety of resources and supplies on hand to help manage symptoms. But they weren’t prepared for Charlotte to progress from having what they initially thought was a cold, with a cough and runny nose, to being admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for RSV at only 7 months old.
RSV is a contagious, widespread seasonal infection and the leading cause of hospitalization for infants under a year old in the U.S. Infants are among the populations most at risk of contracting the severe virus during their first RSV season, which typically starts in the fall and peaks in the winter in most regions of the U.S.
Charlotte’s experience with RSV
“Charlotte was a happy, chill baby. When she wasn’t happy, it was usually a sign that she was about to get sick,” said Amanda, who as a first-time parent hadn’t thought much about RSV up until that point.
On the day Charlotte was cleared to go home.
As Charlotte’s symptoms worsened, their doctor told Amanda and Jeremy what to look out for, mainly retracting or pulling in between and under the ribs, which was a sign of her struggling to breathe.
Amanda and Jeremy were surprised when Charlotte was admitted for difficulty breathing due to RSV and stayed in the pediatric ICU for a week.
Fortunately, she recovered and Amanda and Jeremy were so appreciative of her medical care. Today, Charlotte is a healthy and happy 3-year-old who loves spending time with her parents and younger brother.
Amanda understands that her family’s experience is unfortunately not unique.
"I urge all parents to understand the signs and symptoms of RSV so you can be prepared."
— Amanda
The impact of RSV on infants
RSV is a common seasonal respiratory infection that can be spread through virus droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through direct contact with the virus, like kissing the face of a child with RSV.
It’s the most common cause of hospitalization in infants under one year old in the U.S.
Common symptoms include a runny nose, fever, coughing and wheezing. While RSV doesn’t usually cause severe illness, healthy and at-risk infants can develop more severe cases that may lead to illnesses such as bronchiolitis (inflammation in the small airways of the lungs) or pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and may require hospitalization.
It’s important for caregivers to speak with a health care provider to learn more about RSV and its symptoms.
Learn more about how to detect and help prevent many infectious diseases
June 2, 2025
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Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that can spread directly or indirectly from one person to another. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can affect various bodily systems, potentially leading to significant health complications and, in some cases, death.
Vaccination is one way we can help protect against certain infectious diseases. However, in recent years, vaccination rates have been declining, which has contributed to outbreaks of some infectious diseases. For example, measles was declared eliminated; yet in 2019, there was a large measles outbreak in the U.S. with 1,274 cases reported across 31 states, which was the greatest number of cases reported in the country since 1992. And as recently as 2025, outbreaks continue to appear in parts of the U.S.
Outbreaks like these are a worrying sign of a heightened risk for the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases.
Hepatitis A is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus, which spreads when someone ingests the virus, usually through person-to-person contact or by consuming contaminated food or drink. Those infected may feel sick for a few weeks or several months.
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis A
Dark urine or clay-colored stools
Feeling tired
Diarrhea
Fever
Joint pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
Potential risks and complications
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause liver failure and death.
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver that’s transmitted when blood, semen or another body fluid from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is uninfected (e.g., during sexual contact or childbirth). The disease can range from a mild, acute illness lasting a few weeks to a serious long-term, chronic infection.
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B
Dark urine or clay-colored stools
Feeling tired
Fever
Joint pain
Nausea, stomach pain or vomiting
Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
Potential risks and complications
Approximately 15%-25% of people with chronic infection develop chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer.
About 9 in 10 infants infected with hepatitis B ultimately develop a chronic infection, with the risk of chronic infection decreasing as the child gets older.
Measles is highly contagious and can cause serious health complications, especially in children younger than 5 years old. The disease spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, with symptoms appearing seven to 14 days after contact with the virus.
By 2000, due to effective use of vaccines along with collaborative efforts with public health organizations and health care professionals, measles was declared eliminated from the U.S. However, outbreaks continue to occur.
Complications from measles include ear infections in about 1 in 10 children and diarrhea in fewer than 1 in 10 cases. Some children may suffer from severe complications, such as pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and encephalitis (infection of the brain).
Mumps is caused by a virus that affects the salivary glands. The disease spreads through direct contact with saliva or respiratory droplets from the mouth, nose or throat. It can take two to four weeks for signs of infection to show.
At one time, mumps was the most common cause of acquired deafness in the U.S.
Signs and symptoms of mumps
Puffy cheeks and a tender, swollen jaw
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Potential risks and complications
Although rare, mumps can cause serious complications, which include inflammation of the testicles (a condition known as orchitis).
Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals and child care centers with symptoms usually starting about two days after a person is exposed to the virus. Some symptoms can last three to eight days.
Signs and symptoms of rotavirus
Severe watery diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Stomach pain
Dehydration
Loss of appetite
Potential risks and complications
Although usually self-limiting, severe illness can result in dehydration with shock leading to hospitalization or, on rare occasions, even death
Rubella, also known as German measles, spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The disease is usually mild with few noticeable symptoms.
About 25 to 50% of people infected with rubella will not experience symptoms but will still be at risk of spreading the infection to others.
Signs and symptoms of rubella
Fever
Headache
Mild pink eye (redness or swelling of the white of the eye)
General discomfort
Swollen and enlarged lymph nodes
Cough
Runny nose
Potential risks and complications
Rubella is especially dangerous to developing babies during pregnancy. If you’re pregnant and become infected with rubella, there’s an increased risk of having a miscarriage or the baby dying just after birth. The virus can also be passed on to the baby, who may develop congenital rubella syndrome, which includes birth defects such as heart problems, hearing and/or vision problems or developmental delays.
Endometrial cancer: Understanding the signs and symptoms
Learn more about how you can detect endometrial cancer
May 13, 2025
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As we age, certain changes can seem like a part of getting older, such as periods that are lighter or heavier than normal, or spotting between cycles. Yet it’s important that we recognize and raise these changes with health care providers because they may signal a more serious issue, such as endometrial cancer.
What is endometrial cancer?
Endometrial cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed gynecologic cancer worldwide. It occurs when cancerous cells form in the tissues of the endometrium or inner lining of the uterus.
How can I learn if I’m at risk for endometrial cancer?
The average age of diagnosis is around 60, with most cases occurring after menopause. Studies show Black women are more likely to be diagnosed with endometrial cancer than white women.
While age, race, family history and lifestyle choices all impact the risk of endometrial cancer, conditions that affect the body’s estrogen levels can also play a role. For example:
Estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy for menopause often includes an increase of unopposed estrogen to manage menopausal symptoms.
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) usually creates higher estrogen levels.
Estrogen modulators may cause the uterine lining to grow.
Certain comorbidities, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, have been linked as risk factors for endometrial cancer. For example, in people with obesity, fat tissue can convert certain hormones into estrogen, which increase the levels in the body.
The number of menstrual periods in a lifetime and a history of no pregnancies can affect estrogen levels. Beginning menstruation at a young age and experiencing menopause at a late age increases exposure to estrogen.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common sign of endometrial cancer, but there are others to keep in mind.
What to watch out for:
Bleeding after menopause
Bleeding between periods
A change in periods
Vaginal spotting
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain or discomfort
Changes to bowel or bladder habits
How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?
As there is no routine screening exam to diagnose endometrial cancer before symptoms begin, it’s important to report signs or symptoms to your doctor right away. For those who have gone through menopause, it’s especially important to report any vaginal bleeding, spotting or abnormal discharge.
Tests to diagnose endometrial cancer may include:
Endometrial biopsy: A thin, flexible tube is inserted into the uterus to collect a tissue sample from the endometrium.
Dilation and curettage: The cervix is dilated to collect tissue from the inner lining of the uterus.
Hysteroscopy: An instrument with a light and lens for viewing is inserted into the uterus to look for abnormal areas.
Transvaginal ultrasound: A probe is inserted into the vagina to produce images that are used to assess the pelvic organs, including the uterus.
Being diagnosed with endometrial cancer can be scary. But by speaking with your doctor, you can better understand your options and build the best path forward.
An oncology researcher explains who's at higher risk for cancer recurrence and what you can do to make it less likely
May 13, 2025
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After completing cancer treatment, patients may experience both feelings of joy and relief as well as the fear of cancer returning.
“The thought of cancer coming back can bring on a lot of emotions, but not all recurrences are the same and not all will require active treatment,” said Dr. Marjorie Green, Merck’s senior vice president and head of oncology global clinical development. “It’s important to be aware of the possibility and talk with your doctor to understand your risk.”
What is cancer recurrence?
Cancer recurrence is the return of a previously diagnosed cancer after a period during which it was undetectable. Recurrence can happen weeks, months or even years after the initial diagnosis and treatment. The cancer might come back in the same place it first started, or it might come back somewhere else in the body. The different types of recurrences are:
Local: Cancer returns at the same place it first started.
Regional: Cancer is detected in lymph nodes near the place it first started.
Distant: Cancer comes back in another part of the body.
Who’s at risk for cancer recurrence?
While any cancer can come back, certain types are more likely to return, for example, cancers of the bladder and pancreas. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is hormone-receptor negative, is more likely to recur than hormone-receptor positive breast cancer. Cancers caused by tobacco use also have a higher risk of recurrence.
Beyond cancer type, certain other factors can also influence the likelihood of recurrence, including stage at diagnosis (advanced or metastatic stages may have a higher chance of returning) and tumor growth rate.
Reducing the risk of recurrence
“Because patients who’ve been treated for cancer face a risk of recurrence, staying informed and proactive is essential.”
Dr. MarjorieGreen
In addition to eating right and exercising, it’s also important to stay on top of follow-up visits with your health care team. A helpful question to ask during appointments may be: Could cancer spread or come back after surgery?
“Surgery is not always the end of cancer treatment because even if all visible cancer is removed, there still may be some tumor cells remaining in the body that are too few to be detectable on screening or diagnostic tests,” Green said.
Screenings to detect new cancers are important for survivors who might be at higher risk of developing another cancer because of their treatments or from increasing age. Screenings also may help catch potential recurrences at an earlier, more treatable stage.
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Risks and uncertainties include but are not limited to, general industry conditions and competition; general economic factors, including interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; the impact of pharmaceutical industry regulation and health care legislation in the United States and internationally; global trends toward health care cost containment; technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product development, including obtaining regulatory approval; the company’s ability to accurately predict future market conditions; manufacturing difficulties or delays; financial instability of international economies and sovereign risk; dependence on the effectiveness of the company’s patents and other protections for innovative products; and the exposure to litigation, including patent litigation, and/or regulatory actions.
The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 and the company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) available at the SEC’s Internet site (www.sec.gov).
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The information contained in this website was current as of the date presented. The company assumes no duty to update the information to reflect subsequent developments. Consequently, the company will not update the information contained in the website and investors should not rely upon the information as current or accurate after the presentation date.